Vocabulary Ch 4 Moksha Reincarnation Karma Dharma Nirvana

Vocabulary Ch 4 • • Moksha Reincarnation Karma Dharma Nirvana Sect Stupa Mural • • Joint family Dowry Philosophy Filial piety Monopoly Expansionism Warlord Acupuncture

Empires of India and China (600 B. C. – A. D. 550) 20

Hinduism • Grew out of the overlapping beliefs of the diverse groups who settled India – One of the world’s most complex religions – Countless gods and goddesses – Many forms of worship existing side by side • *Hindu beliefs center on the concepts of – Reincarnation “soul is an immortal body of light” – Karma “life experiences through cause and effect” – Moksha “liberation from the eternal cycles of death and rebirth” – Dharma “God's Devine Law, the law of being” – The moral principles of duty, unimportance of self, and nonviolence

Buddhism Siddhartha Gautama Buddha “he who is awake” • The Buddha emphasized moral and ethical rules – Honesty and charity, and kindness to all living creatures – His teachings gave rise to a new religion, Buddhism, that eventually spread through Southeast and East Asia.

*Four Noble Truths 1. Suffering exists 2. Suffering arises from attachment to desires 3. Suffering ceases when attachment to desire ceases 4. Freedom from suffering is possible by practicing the Eightfold Path

*Noble Eightfold Path Wisdom 1. Right View 2. Right Thought Ethical Conduct 3. Right Speech 4. Right Action 5. Right Livelihood Mental Development 6. Right Effort 7. Right Mindfulness 8. Right Contemplation *Buddha’s version of the golden rule “Overcome anger by not growing angry. Over come evil with good. Overcome the liar with truth”

Buddhists and Hindus • *Shared traditions – Believed in karma, dharma, moksha, reincarnation and nonviolence • *Buddhists differed from Hindus – – Rejected priests Formal rituals The many gods The caste system

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Extra Credit Illustration • Now that you know the basic philosophy of Buddhism. • Create one symbol that represents their practices – Use the four noble truths as the foundation – With the eightfold path branching off from there. – This can be literal or an abstract image, be able to explain the symbol. • The illustration is due tomorrow

India A Center of World Trade • Alexander opened up the market • By 110 BC Merchants sold Indian textiles, gems, incenses, and spices in Central Asia, China, the Middle East, Egypt, East Africa, and Southeast Asia

The Guptas ‘A Golden Age’ 320 AD to 520 AD • The arts and literature – Collected and preserved the old – Created new • *Mathematics – Gupta mathematicians originated the concept of zero • *Medicine – vaccinated against smallpox 1, 000 years before this practice was introduced in Europe

The Caste System • *Caste rules governed – – where people lived what they ate how they dressed how they earned a living • High caste members had the most rules • The untouchables the least • *Effects of the caste system – Ensured a stable social order – Gave people a sense of identity – Ensured Spiritual Purity Brahmins, the priests or spiritual class Kshatriya, the nobility or ruling class Vaishya, the merchants and farmers Shudras or servants “untouchables”

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Three Schools of Thought in China *Legalists • Stressed strength, not goodness, as a ruler’s greatest virtue – Hitler, Stalin, and Mao *Daoists • Rejected the everyday world, seeking to live in harmony with nature • Believed that the best government was the one that governed least.

Confucius • China’s most influential philosopher • Taught that harmony resulted when people accepted their place in society • *Confucianism stressed five values – Filial piety. . respect of parents – Loyalty to superiors and respect for inferiors – Honesty – Hard work – Concern for others 551 -479 BC

Confucian Government • Confucian ideas spread to over a third of the worlds population • *Chinese rulers based their government on the Confucian model – The best ruler was a virtuous man who led by example • Quotes – "A man should practice what he preaches, but a man should also preach what he practices. " – “He who merely knows right principles is not equal to him who loves them. ” – “Mankind differs from the animals only by a little, and most people throw that away. ” – “If you enjoy what you do, you'll never work another day in your life. ”

Qin (ch’in) Dynasty (221 B. C. - 206 B. C. ) Shi Huangdi united China • • • *Built a strong, centralized, authoritarian government using merit and punishment Forced noble families to live in the capital Standardized weights and measures Repaired and built infrastructure Created uniformity in Chinese writing Built the Great Wall – Became a symbol of their civilized world

Han Dynasty 206 BC to 220 AD • *Han rulers strengthened China’s government and economy using Confucian ideas – Expanded China’s borders and influence – Opened up the *Silk Road • Linking China and the west for centuries • 4000 miles very hard journey – Set up the imperial university • Civil service exams – Improved canals and roads – Monopolized salt and iron

Golden age of Chinese civilization • Made paper out of wood pulp • *Invented a rudder • Developed anesthetics Hua To (Hua Tuo) 110 AD – 207 AD "Knowing well the way to keep one in good health, Hua Tuo still appeared in the prime of his life when he was almost 100, and so was regarded as immortal. "

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