Vocab 4 Voc 4 cower Link cow verb

Vocab 4 Voc 4

cower Link: cow verb Cringe from fear; to shrink away Bessie the cowering cow… Voc 4

giddy adj A lightheaded sensation; dizzy, Link: frivolous city Farmer John is giddy in the city. Voc 4 Giddy, my sister screamed

irascible adj Easily angered, Also: irascibility irritable Link: Wrestle Bulls An irascible person can wrestle bulls. Voc 4

chronic adj Continuing for a long time; continuous Chrono = time Link: Ron’s Hic Ron’s hiccups were very chronic. Voc 4

endure verb Also: endurance (n) enduring (adj) Link: Manure To carry on through despite hardships; to put up with Zookeepers endure a lot of manure. Voc 4

harrowing adj Extremely distressed; disturbing or Link: Hare Rowing frightening A hare rowing from a shark is a harrowing experience…. . Voc 4

aptitude noun Capacity for learning; natural Birds have an aptitude for ability altitude…and snowboarders Link: Altitude Voc 4

laconic adj Brief, using few words Better Links? Link = LACK? Link = Lake? Link=Lacquer? Link: Tonic Voc 4

queue Verb and noun To form or to wait in line Link: q Qs in a queue. Voc 4

gossamer Noun/adj N: Delicate, web like structure Adj: Delicate, web like; Link: Customer NOUN: The spider’s gossamer LURED customers. 4 ADJ: Gossamer clouds whispered against the. Voc hills.

Greek + Latin WORD PARTS Know these, know 1000’s! Voc 4

1 Word Roots: Your chart Word studies Word root Meaning Related words mis ill, mistake n, wrong misdiagnose mis To give an incorrect explanation misogyny diagnose Explain a cause; distinguish mis gyn Fear, mistreatment of women Women misanthrope (ist) mis anthropo Person who hates mankind Man Famous play: Le Misanthrope, Molliere gynocologist anthropology Voc 4

Word root 2 Meaning dis/dys ill, difficult, bad Word Roots: Your Related words Word studies chart dysentery dys diarrhea dyslexia entery Entrails, guts dys Illness of reading lexia words Lexicon = dictionary disaster Sudden great misfortune dis aster star Voc 4

Vocab RELATED WORDS 4 Voc 4

endure enduring endurance verb adj I have to endure it… I have to have an enduring attitude. . . Voc 4

queue queuing noun verb The queue began… The line queued… Voc 4

adj irascible irascibility noun He gave an irascible answer. His answer was full of irascibility. Voc 4

Vocab 4 Which word? Quiz Voc 4

1. List 4 • To put up with List 4 Voc 4

2. List 4 • Extremely disstressing List 4 Voc 4

3. List 4 • Delicate floating cobwebs List 4 Voc 4

4. List 4 • To form or wait in line List 4 Voc 4

5. List 4 • Having A light-headed sensation List 4 Voc 4

6. List 4 • To Cringe from fear List 4 Voc 4

7. List 4 • Easily angered, irritable List 4 Voc 4

8. List 4 • Continuing for a long time List 4 Voc 4

9. List 4 • Brief, using few words List 4 Voc 4

10. List 4 • Capacity for learning List 4 Voc 4

11. WORD PARTS ill, wrong, incorrect [root] List 4 Voc 4

12. WORD PARTS ill, difficult, bad [root] List 4 Voc 4

13. WORD PARTS Problem with understanding/using words [root] List 4 Voc 4

14. WORD PARTS Mistreatment of women List 4 Voc 4

15. WORD PARTS Illness of the digestive tract (entrails); A. k. a. diarrhea List 4 Voc 4

16. WORD PARTS Person who hates mankind in general List 4 Voc 4

17. WORD PARTS To give an incorrect explanation List 4 Voc 4

Answers 1 1. Endure v 2. Harrowing adj 3. Gossamer n/adj 4. Queue n/v 5. Giddy adj Voc 4

Answers 2 6. Cower v 7. Irascible adj 8. Chronic adj 9. Laconic adj 10. Aptitude n Voc 4

Answers 3 11. mis/mys 12. dis/dys 13. dyslexia 14. misogyny 15. dysentery Voc 4

Answers 4 16. misanthrope 17. misdiagnose Voc 4

GUM This week: 1) Misplaced Modifiers 2) Pronoun Reference Vocab 4

G PHRASE Review Participial Phrases Thinking about these phrases, I realize I am starting to understand them. Gerund Phrases Thinking about these phrases is one way to study. Infinitive Phrases To think about these phrases will help me tomorrow. Appositive Phrases These phrases, Mount’s cruel torture tools, will appear on tomorrow’s test.

G PHRASES Phrase mistakes: They can sometimes end up in the wrong sentence position >> “Misplaced modifier!” Drinking a syrupy Pepsi, the liquid flooded my veins. Drinking a syrupy Pepsi, I let the liquid flood my veins.

The Misplaced Modifier… G …can be a clause or a phrase. OR phrase The dog chased the ducks, yapping and barking. Who was yapping and barking? The ducks? The dog? OR clause The team will receive a trophy that wins the game. Who wins the game? The team? The trophy?

What is a misplaced modifier? Identify the misplaced modifier in each of the following sentences. 1. About six inches long, the Tyrannosaurus rex had sharp teeth. 2. I found many earthworms planting my garden. 3. An old log sat in the fireplace that was covered with moss. G

What. Identify is a misplaced modifier? the misplaced modifier in each of the following sentences. 1. About six inches long, the Tyrannosaurus rex had sharp teeth. Was the T. rex about six inches long, or were its teeth six inches long? G

What. Identify is a misplaced modifier? the misplaced modifier in each of the following sentences. 2. I found many earthworms planting my garden. Was I planting my garden, or were the earthworms planting my garden? G

What. Identify is a misplaced modifier? the misplaced modifier in each of the following sentences. 3. An old log sat in the fireplace that was covered with moss. Was the log covered with moss, or was the fireplace covered with moss? G

On Your Own Determine whether the underlined word or phrase is a misplaced modifier. Write M for a misplaced modifier or C if the modifier is not misplaced. ___ 1. We watched a film about how comets are formed in science class. ___ 2. In a tank at the aquarium, we watched the seals play. ___ 3. Exhausted, the hikers needed a good night’s rest. G

Answers Determine whether the underlined word or phrase is a misplaced modifier. Write M for a misplaced modifier or C if the modifier is not misplaced. M 1. We watched a film about how comets are formed ___ in science class. ___ M 2. In a tank at the aquarium, we watched the seals play. C 3. Exhausted, the hikers needed a good night’s rest. ___ G

G How to fix misplaced modifiers On Your Own Revise each sentence to correct the misplaced modifier. 1. The mayor pledged she would build more roads at the meeting. 2. The winners marched off the platform carrying trophies. 3. I watched the hawk grab its prey with my new pair of binoculars. 4. There was a bird in the tree that had a strangelooking beak.

G How to fix misplaced modifiers Answers Revise each sentence to correct the misplaced modifier. mayor pledged would build she more roads at 1. The At the meeting, the she mayor pledged would build the meeting. more roads. winners marched the platform carrying 2. The Carrying trophies, the off winners marched off the trophies. platform. watched thepair hawk its prey. I with my new pair 3. IWith my new of grab binoculars, watched the hawk of binoculars. grab its prey. bird in theatree 4. There In the was tree, athere was bird that had aa strangelooking beak.

Review A Identify the misplaced modifier in each sentence. 1. Frank listened to music climbing the mountains. 2. Flying over the bridge, Lisa spotted a blue heron. 3. Did you find any of the hats your grandmother wore in the attic? 4. The softball team almost practices every afternoon. 5. The plane landed safely on the runway that had engine trouble. G

Review B Revise each sentence to correct the misplaced modifier. 1. Running, the track seemed very long to the athlete. 2. I found a huge boulder taking a shortcut through the woods. 3. I have nearly read all of his books. 4. We could see corn growing from our car window. 5. The picture was hanging on the wall that we bought last month. G

Review B Revise each sentence to correct the misplaced modifier. 1. The Running, track the seemed trackvery seemed longvery to the long running to the athlete. 2. ITaking found aa huge shortcut boulder through takingthe a shortcut woods, through I foundthe a woods. huge boulder. 3. I have read nearly read allof ofhis hisbooks. 4. From We could oursee carcorn window, growing wefrom could our see car corn window. growing. 5. The picture was thathanging we bought on the last wall month whichwas we bought last month. hanging on the wall. G

GUM This week: 1) Misplaced Modifiers 2) Pronoun Reference G Vocab 4

Ambiguous reference G To correct an ambiguous reference, change the wording so that the pronoun clearly refers to just one antecedent. Ambiguous reference When Lisa saw Jim. Sara finally while metshe mywas father, in Elhe had Paso. plenty to say. Clear reference When Whilewas Lisa he in finally was inmet El Paso, my father, saw Jim Who El Paso, Lisa orshe Sara? had Sara. plenty to say. Clear reference While When Sara Jim finally was inmet El Paso, him, my Lisafather saw her. had plenty to say. [End of Section]

General reference Some pronouns commonly found in generalreference errors are it, that, this, and which. General reference Add some bananas and honey to plain yogurt. It makes a delicious and healthy snack. Clear Adding some bananas and honey to plain yogurt makes a delicious and healthy snack. G

General reference Some pronouns commonly found in generalreference errors are it, that, this, and which. General reference The bridge was damaged. That made commuting difficult. Clear The damage to the bridge made commuting difficult. G

General reference Some pronouns commonly found in generalreference errors are it, that, this, and which. General reference My alarm did not go off, which means I’ll be late for school again. Clear My alarm did not go off, so I’ll be late for school again. G

Using clear pronoun reference Identify the unclear pronoun in each sentence. Then, revise the sentence to correct the error. Be prepared to explain your answer. 1. Ever since Joan started practicing with Luisa, her tennis skills have been improving. 2. Hank has been eating more vegetables and getting more exercise, and he feels much better because of this. 3. The citizens waved at the mayor and his family as they passed by. G

Using clear pronoun reference Identify the unclear pronoun in each sentence. Then, revise the sentence to correct the error. Be prepared to explain your answer. 1. Ever since Joan started practicing with Luisa, her tennis skills have been improving. Her could refer to either Joan or Luisa. (ambiguous reference) Possible Revision 1. Joan’s tennis skills have been improving ever since she started practicing with Luisa. G

Using clear pronoun reference Identify the unclear pronoun in each sentence. Then, revise the sentence to correct the error. Be prepared to explain your answer. 2. Hank has been eating more vegetables and getting more exercise, and he feels much better because of this. This refers to a general idea, not a specific antecedent. (general reference) Possible Revision 2. Because of his healthier lifestyle, Hank feels much better. G

Using clear pronoun reference Identify the unclear pronoun in each sentence. Then, revise the sentence to correct the error. Be prepared to explain your answer. 1. The citizens waved at the mayor and his family as they passed by. They could refer to either citizens or mayor and his family. (ambiguous reference) Possible Revision 1. As the mayor and his family passed by, the citizens waved at them. G

Using clear pronoun reference G On Your Own Revise each sentence to correct the unclear pronoun reference. 1. Pat made a shot at the last second. That made the fans go wild. 2. Grace visits her neighbor when she gets home from work. 3. Before introducing the speaker, the principal mentioned his latest book. 4. The rain had stopped by morning, which was a relief. 5. Dr. Sanchez works long hours and has many responsibilities, but she says it doesn’t bother her. [End of Section]

Using clear pronoun reference Possible Answers Revise each sentence to correct the unclear pronoun reference. When Patamade a shot at the last second, the fans wentgo wild. 1. Pat made goal at the last second. That made the fans wild. When visits Gracewith getsher home from work, her neighbor. 2. Grace neighbor when she visits gets home from work. Beforeintroducingthe him, the principal mentioned the speaker’s 3. Before speaker, the principal mentioned his latestbook. latest Therain fact had thatstopped the rainby had stoppedwhich by morning was a relief. 4. The morning, was a relief. Dr. Sanchezworks says the long work hours and of 5. Dr. long hours and has a lot level of responsibility, responsibility bother her. but she says itdon’t doesn’t bother her. G

Indefinite reference An indefinite reference is the use of a pronoun that refers to no particular person or thing and that is unnecessary to the meaning of the sentence. Indefinite reference In the newspaper, it reported that the robbers had been caught. The pronoun it is not necessary to the meaning of the sentence. G

Indefinite reference To correct an indefinite reference, reword the sentence to avoid using the pronoun. Indefinite reference In the newspaper, it reported that the robbers had been caught. Clear The newspaper reported that the robbers had been caught. G

Indefinite reference G Most indefinite-reference errors are caused by the misuse of the pronouns it, they, and you. Indefinite reference In the movie they portray the aliens as violent creatures. Clear The movie portrays the aliens as violent creatures.

Indefinite reference G Most indefinite-reference errors are caused by the misuse of the pronouns it, they, and you. Indefinite reference During the Middle Ages, you very likely would not live past the age of thirty. Clear During the Middle Ages, a person very likely would not live past the age of thirty. The pronoun you does not refer to the reader and does not have a specific antecedent.

Using clear pronoun reference G On Your Own Revise each sentence to correct the unclear pronoun reference. 1. On the time line they show when the borders were changed. 2. I like hockey, but I’ve never been to one. 3. Dentists should listen to what you say. 4. In the article it includes details about the Egyptian pyramids. 5. I dropped the cup, and it splashed all over the floor. [End of Section]

Using clear pronoun reference Possible Answers Revise each sentence to correct the unclear pronoun reference. Thethe time line shows borders were changed. 1. On time theywhen showthe when the borders were changed. like hockey, but I’ve never been to to one. a game. 2. II like 3. Dentists to what you say. Dentists should listen carefully to what their patients say. 4. In the article it includes details about the Egyptian The article includes details about the Egyptian pyramids. 5. I dropped the cup, and it splashed all overall the floor. the milk splashed over the floor. G

Review A In each sentence, identify the pronoun that has an unclear reference. 1. The math test is tomorrow, which is why they will be studying tonight. 2. Becky called Maria when she got home from the library. 3. Lola enjoys her mountain bike and says it is her favorite pastime. 4. In this film they show the challenges of frontier living. 5. On the radio it said that afternoon thunderstorms were likely. G

G Review B Revise each sentence to correct the unclear pronoun reference. 1. Most people prefer loyal friends, but some people think it is not important. 2. Do not leave the bag open. It will cause the rolls to dry out. 3. On that station they are showing a film about Alaska. 4. Mike gave Pedro a copy of the diagram he had made. 5. Serena had worked hard, and that is why she succeeded. [End of Section]

G Review B Revise each sentence to correct the unclear pronoun reference. 1. Most people prefer loyal friends, but some people think loyalty is not important. 2. Leaving the bag open It will cause the rolls to dry out. 3. That station is showing a film about Alaska. 4. Mike made a diagram and gave it to Pedro. 5. Serena’s hard work is the reason for her success. [End of Section]

Fill in…

When Sheriff Wild Bill Hickok entered the Last Chance Saloon, the villains _____ in fear.

When Sheriff Wild Bill Hickok entered the Last Chance Saloon, cowered in fear. the villains _____

After Sue Ellen won the beauty contest, she was absolutely ____ with joy.

After Sue Ellen won the beauty contest, she was absolutely giddy with joy. ____

Settlers in the 1800 s endured ____many hardships on their way to California.

Settlers in the 1800 s ____many hardships on their way to California.

The enduring ____ joy of homework keeps me coming back for more, night after night.

After the _____ experience when Eddie’s main parachute didn’t open, and his emergency chute saved him only at the last minute, he vowed never to jump again.

g n i w o r r a h After the _____ experience when Eddie’s main parachute didn’t open, and his emergency chute saved him only at the last minute, he vowed never to jump again.