VITAMINS VITAMIN A VITAMIN D vit D 3

VITAMINS

VITAMIN A

VITAMIN D vit. D 3 (cholecalciferol)

VITAMIN E AND DERIVATIVES OF FLAVONE (antioxidants!)

VITAMIN K

THE ROLE OF VITAMIN K IN BLOOD CLOTTING, THE ACTION OF ANTICOAGULANTS

VITAMIN C (ASCORBIC ACID) ascorbic a. dehydroascorbic a.

VITAMIN B 1

VITAMIN B 2 vit. B 2 (riboflavine) flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) oxidized form yellow reduced form colorless

VITAMIN B 3

VITAMIN B 6

VITAMIN B 12

FOLIC ACID folic acid (pteridine, p-aminobenzoic acid, glutamic acid)

BIOTIN

ALKALOIDS

CLASSIFICATION OF ALKALOIDS

PURINE ALKALOIDS

PYRIDINE ALKALOIDS

PHENANTHRENE OPIATES

TROPANE ALKALOIDS

CANNABINOIDS

ERGOT ALKALOIDS AND LSD

PLANT ALKALOIDS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES

PLANT ALKALOIDS WITH ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES (continued)

Saccharides (Gr. sakcharon, sugar) – the most abundant biological molecules = Carbohydrates , „carbon hydrates“, (C. H 2 O)n STRUCTURE: Serve as: (1) fuels, energy stores (2) components of nucleic acids (3) linked to proteins, lipids, role in cell-cell recognition (4) ground substance of connective tissues

CLASSIFICATION:

TRIOSES, D-FAMILY OF SACCHARIDES Glyceraldehyde – a single asymmetric carbon (D- and L- variant)

GENETIC TREE OF MONOSACCHARIDES

COMMON ALDOSES

COMMON KETOSES

DERIVATION OF CYCLIC FORMS: - based on hemiacetal/hemiketal formation!

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (1) OXIDATION / REDUCTION

DETECTION OF ALDOSES = DETECTION OF ALDEHYDES!

(2) FORMATION OF OSAZONES (condensation with phenylhydrazine)

(3) FORMATION OF GLYCOSIDES - based on acetal formation!

(4) FORMATION OF PHOSPHORIC ACID ESTERS

MAJOR MONOSACCHARIDES - CYCLIC STRUCTURES

ASCORBIC ACID - DERIVATIVE OF GULONIC ACID (glucose – glucuronic a. – gulonic a. – oxidized gulonolactone)

MAJOR DISACCHARIDES

POLYSACCHARIDES: STARCH, GLYCOGEN, DEXTRAN, INULIN

ground substance of connective tissues contains proteoglycans composed of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and proteins AMINO SUGARS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS:

REPEATING SUBUNITS OF GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (HYALURONIC ACID, CHONDROITIN SULPHATE) Notice acidic groups giving negative charges!

PROTEOGLYCAN ARCHITECTURE (GAG + protein)

ATTACHEMENT OF SACCHARIDES TO PROTEINS via O-glycosidic and N-glycosidic linkages

HEPARIN -sulfated glycosaminoglycan not found in connective tissues!

LIPIDS: PROPERTIES AND BIOLOGICAL VALUE

CLASSIFICATION OF LIPIDS

FATS AND OILS

Saturated FAs Unsaturated FAs

SOAPS AND SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS

EICOSANOIDS: FORMATION, BIOLOGICAL ROLE key enzyme - cyclooxygenase Gr. eicosi = 20

PHOSPHOLIPIDS

SPHINGOLIPIDS sphingophospholipid!

sphingoglycolipids

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANE (a simplified view)

ISOPRENOID COMPOUNDS (non-saponifiable lipids) monoterpenes

sesquiterpene triterpene diterpene

CHOLESTEROL AND ITS DERIVATIVES

VITAMIN D AND CALCITRIOL

BILE ACIDS

Conjugated forms: taurocholic acid glycocholic acid

DERIVATIVES OF STERAN: STEROID HORMONES - locations of functional groups

MALE HORMONES

FEMALE HORMONES: ESTROGENS

Menstrual cycle – hormone secretion progesterone estradiol 0 14 ovulation 28

FEMALE HORMONES: PROGESTAGENS

SYNTHETIC STEROID HORMONES taken orally, modified to avoid hepatic degradation

HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX: GLUCOCORTICOIDS

HORMONES OF ADRENAL CORTEX: MINERALOCORTICOIDS