Vitamins Vital Keys to Health BIOL 103 Chapter

Vitamins: Vital Keys to Health BIOL 103, Chapter 9 -2

Today’s Topics • The Water-Soluble Vitamins: Eight Bs and a C • Bogus Vitamins

Summary of Fat-Soluble Vitamins

The Water-Soluble Vitamins: Eight Bs and a C • Primarily coenzymes • Antioxidants • What to keep in mind about each vitamins: – Function – Food sources – Toxicity vs. Deficiency

What is a Coenzyme? • Coenzyme: a small compound that helps enzymes in biochemical reactions. Most coenzymes are derived from vitamins or are made from vitamins.

Thiamin/B 1 • Functions: – Coenzyme in ________________ – Part of the coenzyme: thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) • Helps break down glucose, make RNA and DNA, helps power protein synthesis • Helps synthesize and regulate neurotransmitters • Food sources: – Pork, legumes, nuts and seeds, fish and seafood, enriched grain product – Cooking __________ content

Thiamin/B 1 • Deficiency: – ________: overall profound muscle weakness and nerve destruction • _______________ • Occurs with _____________ because it interferes with B vitamin absorption – Q: Why would Beriberi be more common in Southeast Asia? • Toxicity: – None reported

Riboflavin/B 2 • Functions: 1. Coenzyme in _____________ (extracts energy from glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids) 2. Supports _________ • Food sources: – Milk and dairy products – Enriched grains, eggs • Deficiency: – _________________ • Usually occurs with chronic alcoholism • Toxicity: UL is not set

Niacin/B 3 • Functions: 1. Coenzyme in ____________ 2. Supports _____________ • Food sources: – Can be made from __________ • Need B 1, B 6, and iron to convert to B 3 – Whole and enriched grains – Meat, poultry, fish, nuts, peanuts

Niacin/B 3 • Deficiency: – ________: “rough skin” • Four D’s: __________________________________________ – Can worsen if also deficient in ____________________. • Toxicity and medicinal uses – High doses used to treat high blood cholesterol – Side effects: ____________________________________

Pyridoxine/B 6 • Functions: 1. Coenzyme in _____________ metabolism 2. Supports ____________ 3. Helps to lower blood levels of homocysteine reduce risk for heart disease • Diagram: • Food sources: – Meat, fish, poultry, potatoes, bananas, sunflower seeds

Pyridoxine/B 6 • Deficiency – ____________________ : anemia characterized by small, pale red blood cells that lack adequate hemoglobin to carry oxygen. • Can also be caused by deficiency in _____ • Toxicity and medicinal uses – Can cause ________________ – Other symptoms: upset stomach, headaches, sleepiness, tingling/prickling or burning sensation

Folate/B 9 • Functions: 1. Coenzyme in ________________ 2. Needed for normal __________ synthesis 3. Works with __________ to help control homocysteine levels • Food sources: – Fortified cereals, enriched grains – Green, leafy vegetables • Think of folate like foliage

Folate/B 9 • Deficiency: – ________________: • Not enough folate red blood cells cannot form DNA and cannot divide become large, immature cells cannot carry oxygen properly anemia – Birth defects in the Neural Tube: ___________ – Heart disease from elevated homocysteine levels • Toxicity: – Can mask __________ deficiency when you take folate supplements

Cobalamin/B 12 • “Cobalt-containing compounds” (cobalamin) • Functions: 1. Needed for normal _________ functions • • DNA and red blood cell synthesis Metabolize homocysteine 2. Maintains myelin sheath around nerves ___________________ • Food sources: – Only animal foods: meats, liver, milk, eggs – Some fortified foods

Cobalamin/B 12 • Absorption: – Requires __________ and ______________ • Deficiency: – Can be caused by Pernicious anemia: autoimmune disorder that damages stomach linings reduced B 12 absorption – Nerve damage • Toxicity: – No UL set

Figure 9. 32: Absorption of B 12

Pantothenic Acid/B 5 • Function: 1. Component of _____, which is a part of acetyl Co. A helps extract energy from nutrients and help build fatty acids • Food sources: – Widespread in foods – Reduced by ____________________ • Deficiency/Toxicity: Rare

Biotin/B 7 • Functions: – Acts as a coenzyme in: 1. 2. 3. 4. ________________________________ Release of energy from __________ • Food sources: – Cauliflower, liver, peanuts, cheese – Protein avidin (raw egg whites) binds biotin and prevents absorption • Deficiency and Toxicity are rare

Vitamin C • Functions: – _________________ – Needed for ____________ – Other roles: • Make other essential compounds (steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, bile salts, parts of DNA) • Enhances the absorption of iron from plant foods • Food sources: – Fruits: citrus, strawberries, kiwi – Vegetables: broccoli, tomatoes, leafy green, potatoes

Vitamin C • Deficiency: – _______ • Toxicity: – May cause __________ – For some people: kidney stones, iron toxicity

Choline: A Vitamin-Like Substance • Function: – Act as a __________ to help metabolize homocysteine • Food sources: – Milk, liver, egg yolk, peanuts; overall is abundant in food • Deficiency: Unlikely in healthy people • Toxicity: – Diarrhea, falling blood pressure, fishy body odor

Bogus Vitamins • Bogus vitamins: Unnecessary substances found in some supplements – Examples: hesperidin, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), pangamic acid, rutin – Think twice before you buy them!