VITAMIN KAUFaculty of Science Biochemistry department Clinical biochemistry

VITAMIN KAU-Faculty of Science. Biochemistry department Clinical biochemistry lab (Bioc 416) 2012 Wafaa Bajunaid Azhar Turkstani

VITAMIN Vitamins are various organic compounds that are needed in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of the body. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body, but are found naturally in foods obtained from plants and animals.

VITAMIN � The word "vitamin" was coined in 1911 by the Warsaw-born biochemist Casimir Funk. � He named the substance "vitamine" because he believed it was necessary to life and it was a chemical amine. � The "e" at the end was later removed when it was recognized that vitamins need not be amines

VITAMIN � The letters (A, B, C and so on) were assigned to the vitamins in the order of their discovery � vitamin K which was assigned its "K" from "Koagulation � 13 vitamins are universally recognized at present "

VITAMIN CATEGORIES Fatsoluble Watersoluble Vitamin categorie s

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS � � � vitamins that are soluble in water. They are not stored in the body and easily excreted in the urine. They must be replaced each day as foods or supplements to maintain health. Water-soluble vitamins are easily destroyed or washed out during food storage or preparation. . Assist important enzyme activity such as energy production from fats and carbohydrates

WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS B comple x C Water-soluble vitamins

COMMON FOOD SOURCES � Citrus fruits � broccoli � strawberries � melon � green pepper � tomatoes, � dark green vegetables.

MAJOR FUNCTIONS � � � Formation of collagen (a component of tissues) wound healing maintaining blood vessels, bones, teeth absorption of iron, calcium, folacin. production of brain hormones, immune factors. antioxidant.

DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS � � � � Bleeding gums. wounds don't heal. bruise easily. dry, rough skin. Scurvy (nutritional disorder characterized by bleeding under the gums, skin, and fingernails. sore joints and bones. increased infections.

OVERCONSUMPTION SYMPTOMS � Nontoxic under normal conditions � rebound scurvy when high doses discontinued � diarrhea, bloating, cramps � increased incidence of kidney stones.

BLOOD NORMAL RANGE � 0. 4 -1. 5 mg/d. L � 23 -85 μmol/L

B complex

VITAMIN B COMPLEX � It is group of 8 vitamins B 5 Pantothen ic Acid B 6 Pyridoxine B 3 Niacin B 9 Folic Acid B 2 Riboflavin B 1 Thiamin Biotin B comple x B 12 Cobalamin

VITAMIN B COMPLEX � They function as coenzymes that help the body obtain energy from food. They also are important for normal appetite, good vision, healthy skin, hair, liver and red blood cell Formation. � help the nervous system function properly. � help the body use fats and protein. � The B-complex group is found in a variety of foods �

VITAMIN B 12 � Also known as Cobalamin; Cyanocobalamin. � It is one of the eight B vitamins that is a watersoluble vitamin and easily excreted in the urine. � The body can store vitamin B 12 for years in the liver. � Vitamin B 12 was discovered from its relationship to the disease pernicious anemia

SOURCE Neither plants nor animals have the ability to constructing vitamin B 12 Bacteria are responsible for producing vitamin B 12. Animals get their vitamin B 12 from eating foods contaminated with vitamin B 12 BUT Plant not thought to be reliable sources of the vitamin B 12. The body absorbs animal sources of vitamin B 12 much better than plant sources.

Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin B 12 Infants Children Adolescents and Adults 0 - 6 months 7 - 12 months 1 - 3 years 4 - 8 years 9 - 13 years Males and females 14 and older 0. 4 microgra ms per day (mcg/day) 0. 5 mcg/day 0. 9 mcg/day 1. 2 mcg/day 1. 8 mcg/day 2. 4 mcg/day

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR VITAMIN B 12 The RDA for vitamin B 12 in pregnant women is 2. 6 µg per day and 2. 8 µg during lactation periods There have also been studies that showed no adverse consequences of doses above the RDA so Vitamin B 12 has extremely low toxicity

MAJOR FUNCTIONS Plays a significant role in the metabolism of every cell of the body as coenzyme such as 1 - Aids in building of genetic material 2 - Aids in building of fatty acid and energy production Aids in development of normal red blood cells Play a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system

BLOOD NORMAL RANGE Wome n 130700 ng/ L Men 160950 n g/L

VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY � A lack of vitamin B 12 occurs due to 1 - Eating a vegetarian diet 2 -Poor diet in infancy 3 - Poor nutrition during pregnancy 4 -Malabsorption of vitamin B 12.

MALABSORPTION OF VITAMIN B 12 � � � Chronic alcoholism decrease vitamin B 12 absorption from the gastrointestinal tract Lack of Intrinsic factor that is needed to absorb vitamin B 12 (Pernicious anemia). Surgeries that remove certain parts of your stomach or small intestine, such as some weight-loss surgeries digestive disorders, such as celiac disease or Crohn's disease Taking antacids and heartburn medicines for a long period of time

VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY � Low levels of B 12 can cause: � Anemia � Loss of balance � neurological disorders; � degeneration of peripheral nerves that may cause numbness, tingling in fingers and toes. � Weakness….

ANEMIA - B 12 DEFICIENCY � low red blood cell count due to a lack of vitamin B 12. � Pernicious anemia is a type of anemia associated with vitamin B 12 deficiency.

SYMPTOMS � � � Diarrhea or constipation Fatigue, lack of energy, or light-headedness when standing up or with exertion Loss of appetite Pale skin Problems concentrating Shortness of breath, mostly during exercise Swollen, red tongue or bleeding gums Symptoms from nerve damage caused by vitamin B 12 deficiency that has been present for a longer time include: Confusion or change in mental status (dementia) in severe cases Depression Loss of balance Numbness and tingling of hands and feet

SIGNS AND TESTS The following tests may be done: CBC Reticulocyte count Schilling test (if pernicious anemia is suspected) Serum LDH Serum vitamin B 12 level and serum folate levels Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to examine the stomach, or enteroscopy to examine the small intestine may be done. Bone marrow biopsy is done only when the diagnosis is not clear.

TREATMENT Treatment depends on the cause of B 12 deficiency anemia Pernicious anemia requires lifelong vitamin B 12 replacement, by injections. lack of dietary vitamin poor digestion and absorption Vitamin supplements More balanced diet Vitamin B 12 injections vitamin B 12 injections until the condition improves.

Vitamin B 12 injections after surgeries known to cause vitamin B 12 deficiency. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can limit the severity and complications of this anemia. PREVENTION following a wellbalanced diet.

REFFERENCE http: //www. thefreedictionary. com/vitamin http: //www. medterms. com/script/main/art. asp? articlekey=8661 http: //www. ext. colostate. edu/pubs/foodnut/09312. html#top http: //medical-dictionary. thefreedictionary. com/Water-soluble+vitamins http: //www. umm. edu/altmed/articles/vitamin-b 5 -000336. htm http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Vitamin_B 12#Absorption_and_distribution