VITAL VILLAGES THRIVING TOWNS IRON TOOLS AND AGRICULTURE
- Slides: 14
VITAL VILLAGES, THRIVING TOWNS
IRON TOOLS AND AGRICULTURE �Iron use began around 3000 years ago. �Three major inventions which helped improve agriculture: 1. Axes – for clearing forests 2. Iron ploughshare 3. New irrigational methods – canals, wells, tanks and artificial lakes
WHO LIVED IN THE VILLAGES? SOUTHERN INDIA NORTHERN INDIA Vellalar Grama bhojaka Uzhavar Grihapati Kadaisiyar/adimai Dasa karmakara • Vellalar and gramabhojaka were large landowners. They also used to collect taxes and helped to maintain law and order. • Uzhavar and Grihapati were ordinary ploughmen. They were independent and small land owners. • Kadaisiyar/adimai and dasakarmakara were landless labourers including slaves who earned their livin working on other’s fields.
EARLY LITERATURE �Sangam literature in Tamil were composed 2300 years ago. They were composed and compiled in assemblies of poets that were held in Madurai. �Jatakas were probably composed by ordinary people and preserved by Buddhist monks. They tell stories about common man and his life.
EVIDENCES FOR EARLY CITIES �Sculptures used to decorate railings, pillars and gateways of buildings. �Cities which were capitals of mahajanapadas, which had massive fortification walls. �Ring wells, used as toilets, drains and garbage dumps. �Palaces, markets and homes of ordinary people. �Accounts of sailors and travellers who visited.
CITIES WITH MANY FUNCTIONS - MATHURA �Located at crossroads of two major routes of travel and trade. �There were fortifications around the city and several religious shrines like Buddhist monasteries, Jaina shrines and Krishna shrines. �Farmers and herders from adjoining cities provided food to cities. �Centre of extremely fine sculptures. �Around 2000 years ago, it became the second capital of Kushanas.
CRAFTS AND CRAFTS PERSONS The Northern Black Polished Ware: Got the name of the place where it was found (northern part of the subcontinent ) Black in colour Has a fine sheen. Cloth The manufacture of cloth was important Famous centres such as Varanasi in the north, and Madurai in the south Both men and women worked in these centres 7
SHRENIS Association of crafts persons and merchants known as shrenis. 8
10
11
ARIKAMEDU
�A coastal settlement between 2200 and 1900 years ago where ships unloaded goods. �A warehouse made of brick was found. �Pottery like amphorae and Arretine ware originating from the Mediterranean region found. �Amphorae: tall double handled jars containing wine or oil. �Arretine ware: stamped red glazed pottery made by pressing wet clay into stamped mould. 13
ARIKAMEDU �Small tanks used as dyeing vats used to dye clothes found. �Evidence of the making of beads and semi-precious stones and glass �Several pieces of pottery have inscriptions in Brahmi, which was used to write Tamil.
- Iron tools and agriculture
- Thriving green
- A thriving trading region where the renaissance began
- The tragedy
- Capacidad vital y capacidad vital forzada
- Agriculture iron triangle
- Mass of iron in an iron tablet
- Iron sharpens iron friendship
- The jumano built villages and grew crops near the
- Hpact
- Standing conference of towns and municipalities
- Les beaux villages de france
- Siddipet district villages list
- Villages de pierres et d eau
- Freight villages