Viscosity Select one subject Forfatter Fornavn Etternavn Institusjon

Viscosity Select one subject !! Forfatter Fornavn Etternavn Institusjon Viscous Fluid Flow Characteristics Dependency of Viscosity on Temperature Non-Newtonian Fluids Examples Laboratory exercise Viscomete r

Home Up Section 1: Viscous Fluids -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids Horizontal flow of viscous fluids Continuity equation for viscous flow -Examples -Laboratory exercise Select one subject Viscous flow in a cylindrical tube Viscous flow through a porous medium made up of a bundle of identical tubes Exercise: capillary tube viscosity measurement Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Horizontal flow of Viscous Fluids Two large parallel plates of area A -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Y t<0 -Non-Newtonian fluids Lower plate is set in motion with constant velocity -Examples -Laboratory exercise t=0 The fluid start to move due to motion of the plate t is small V After a while the fluid enter a steady state velocity profile t is large V To maintain this steady state motion, a constant force F is required V Y – a very small distance y x Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics The force may be expressed: -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise The force F per unit area A is proportional to the velocity V in the distance Y; the constant of proportionally is called the viscosity of the fluid. Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Also used is the so called Newton`s equation of viscosity: The shear stress -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise The fluid viscosity The fluid velocity in x - direction The dimensions: And By definition: Explicit: Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Typical values of viscosity of some fluids: Temperature Celsius Viscosity Castor Oil, Poise[p] Viscosity Water, centi. Poise[cp] Viscosity Air, Micro Poise[ p] 0 53, 00 1, 792 171 20 9, 86 1, 005 181 40 2, 31 0, 656 190 60 0, 80 0, 469 200 80 0, 357 209 100 0, 17 0, 284 218 Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Continuity equation for viscous flow -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature The flow will have the biggest velocity at the top (the surface ) A liquid is flowing in a open channel -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise y y X Fluid flows in an open channel A graphic presentation of this phenomena is shown here The flow velocity will approximately be zero at the bottom, due to retardation when liquid molecules colliding with the non-moving bottom Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids Transferred momentum pr. time pr. area Jp – is often characterised as the momentum intensity or as the shear stress, The unit : -Examples -Laboratory exercise Viscosity is here defined as s proportionality constant, similar to what was done in the case of defining absolute permeability Developers FAQ References The change in fluid flow velocity pr. distance between the two layers Summary Back Next

Home Up dy is the width of the box and S = S` is the cross-section -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids y -Examples -Laboratory exercise S` x S z Momentum transfer between layers S and S` in Newtonian viscous flow The change of momentum intensity the box: Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature The momentum density inside the box is defined by. Combining with the equation from last page gives us: The change of momentum pr. time inside the box is : -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise is the sum of all forces acting on the box. Let f symbolise a force of more general origin. Substituting: Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Viscous flow in a cylindrical tube -Viscous fluids To develop the continuity equation for this example, dr (a thin layer), of liquid is considered at a radius r. Cross-section of viscous flow through a cylindrical tube -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise s` r r + dr R Viscous flow in a tube is characterised by a radial decreasing flow velocity, because of the boundary effect of the tube wall Developers s FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics The momentum flux through the cylindrical volume: -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Here the flux area S is varying and. Defining the change in the momentum density inside the cylindrical volume, as , the general equation for laminar flow is: The momentum intensity jp is redefined according to the geometric conditions in this example: Developers The minus sign show that the flow velocity vx is decreasing when the radius r is increasing FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics The continuity equation for viscous flow in a cylindrical tube is: -Dependency of viscosity on temperature This is under stationary conditions. -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise At a constant pressure drop observed. Developers FAQ along the tube, no velocity variation is References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids The general solution of the previous equation, found by integrating twice, is: -Fluid flow characteristics The general constants are found by considering the boundary conditions. For this example the flow is directed along the x-axis -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise 1. 2. Since the maximum flow velocity, vx(r=0) in the centre of the tube is less then infinity; C 1=0 Since the flow velocity is zero along the tube wall; vx(r=R)=0 and The solution is then: Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics If the outer force, driving the liquid through the tube is the pressure drop along a tube length then and: -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Defines a the laminar viscous flow pattern -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise R -R This flow velocity profile in the tube is given by the formula above. Developers Velocity profile in cylindrical tube flow FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Viscous flow through a porous medium made up of a bundle of identical tubes The incremental flow rate through a fraction of the cross-section of a capillary tube can be expressed: -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise The total flow rate can be found by integration: For the sake of convenience we may present the last equation in the following form: This is also known as the Poiseuille`s equation, where A is the cross-section of the capillary tube Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Considering a porous medium as a bundle of identical capillary tubes, the total flow qp through the medium is: -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Where is the capillary tube cross-section and A is the crosssection of the porous medium. From the equation above the permeability of the medium where capillary tubes are packed together is found: Where the porosity of the bundle of capillary tubes is given by: Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Exercise: Capillary tube viscosity measurement -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Fluid viscosity may also be estimated by the measuring the volume of fluid flowing through a capillary tube pr. time (as the figure below). Rewriting the Poiseuille`s equation an expression for the dynamic fluid viscosity is written: -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise 2 R Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise For horizontal flow through a capillary tube of length and radius R, the time it takes to fill a certain volume is measured. The flow pressure , is fixed during the process, by maintaining a constant fluid level at a certain elevation above the capillary tube. The accuracy in these measurements is strongly related to the fabrication accuracy of the capillary tubes, as can be seen from the formula above. If the relative uncertainty is considered, Which means that if the relative accuracy in the tube-radius is +/- 2 -3 %, then the relative accuracy in the viscosity is about +/- 10 %. A small variation in capillary tube fabrication induces large uncertainty in the viscosity measurement. Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Section 2: Fluid Flow Characteristics -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature For laminar flow in a cylindrical tube we have derived Poiseuille`s equation: -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise For turbulent flow in a cylindrical tube, an empirical law, called Fanning`s equation has been found: F – the Fanning friction factor Developers FAQ References This factor is dependent of the tube surface roughness, but also on the flow regime established in the tube Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise The flow regime is correlated to the Reynolds number, which characterises the fluid flow in the tube. The Reynolds number, Re, is defined as a dimensionless number balancing the turbulent and the viscous (laminar) flow [ ]. 2 R is the spatial dimension where the flow occur – the diameter of a capillary tube or width of an open channel. v – the average flow velocity – density – the fluid viscosity From experimental studies an upper limit for laminar flow has been defined at a Reynolds number; Re =2000. Above this number, turbulent flow will dominate. (This limit is not absolute and may therefore change somewhat depending on the experimental conditions. ) Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature In the case of porous flow, the velocity v in the previous equation should be the pore flow velocity, where and R is the pore radius. The Reynolds number for flow in a porous medium is: - the bulk velocity -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Typical parameters for laboratory liquid flow experiments: pore dimension bulk velocity fluid density porosity viscosity residual oil saturation Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Using the previous table we find Reynolds number Re = 1 (ca. ), for laboratory core flow, which is far below the limit of turbulent flow. In case of reservoir flow, the ”normal” reservoir flow velocity is ca. 1 foot/day or , which indicate that turbulent liquid flow under reservoir conditions is not very likely to occur. For gas, turbulent flow may occur if the potentials are steep enough. If the formula for Reynolds number and Poiseuille`s law is compared: The only fluid dependent parameters are the density and the viscosity Comparing the Reynolds number for typical values of gas and oil : Demonstrates the possibilities for turbulent when gas is flowing in a porous medium Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Section 3: Dependency of Viscosity on Temperature -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature The Viscosity of liquids decreases with increasing temperature. For gas it`s the opposite; viscosity increase with increasing temperature. -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples Viscosity, cp -Laboratory exercise Heavy oil Light oil Temperature, K Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Temperature depending viscosity of gases expressed by the Satterland`s equation: Where K and C are constants depending on the type of gas. Another commonly equation: Where n depends on the type of gas (1 < n < 0, 75) Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Section 4: Non-Newtonian Fluids -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples Viscous-Plastic fluids Bingham (1916) and Shvedov (1889) investigated the rheology of viscousplastic fluids. These fluids also feature elasticity in addition to viscosity. Equation describing viscous-plastic fluids: -Laboratory exercise • Here is the breaking shear stress • is the so-called structural viscosity there is no fluid flow Some oils, drilling mud and cements slurries represent viscous-plastic fluids. Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids Pseudo-Plastic fluids Some fluids do not have breaking shear stress but rather, their apparent viscosity depends on a shear rate: -Examples -Laboratory exercise Which means that their apparent viscosity decreases when dv/dy grows: Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Section 5: Examples -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics 6. 2. 1 Water viscosity at reservoir conditions -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise 6. 2. 2 Falling sphere viscosity measurement 6. 2. 4 Rotating cylinder viscosity measurement Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Water viscosity at reservoir conditions -Viscous fluids -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Water viscosity is primarily a function of temperature. Salinity has also a slight influence on. The pure water viscosity is listed in viscous fluids section. Due to correction foe salinity and reservoir temperature, the normal range of viscosity at reservoir conditions is from 0, 2 to 1, 0 c. P. -Non-Newtonian fluids Correlation for estimation of water viscosity at res. temp. : -Fluid flow characteristics -Examples -Laboratory exercise Water viscosity is measured in c. P and temperature in Fahrenheit At a res. temp. of , the water viscosity will be: NB! Even if the temperature is above , water at reservoir condition will still be in a liquid phase since the res. Pressure is quite high as compared to surface condition. Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Falling sphere viscosity measurement -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise A metal sphere falling in viscous fluid reaches a constant velocity vs Then the viscous retarding force plus the buoyancy force equals the weight of the sphere The force Fs is given by Stoke`s law: – density of the metal sphere – density of the fluid h r – sphere radius Vs – thermal speed – viscosity The weight of the sphere will balance the viscous force plus the buoyancy force at the terminal sphere velocity when the sum of forces acting on the sphere is zero g – the constant of gravitation Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics Viscosity can be estimated by measuring the falling speed of the metal sphere in a cylindrical tube: ( ) -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Alternatively; measuring the time : C – characteristic constant, determined through calibration with a fluid of known viscosity Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Rotating cylinder viscosity measurement -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature Here we will also Look at the motion of a fluid between two coaxial cylinders Due to the elastic force (in the fluid) a viscosity shear will exist there -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise The other one is kept constant One cylinder is rotating with an angular velocity The inner cylinder: – Radius – Constant Angular velocity The outer cylinder: – Radius Held stationary by a spring balance which measures the torque M h – the fluid height level on the two cylinders Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics For a certain viscometer, the viscosity as function of angular momentum and angular velocity is: -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise C – the characteristic constant for the viscometer Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Section 6: Laboratory exercise -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next

Home Up Section 6: -Viscous fluids -Fluid flow characteristics -Dependency of viscosity on temperature -Non-Newtonian fluids -Examples -Laboratory exercise Developers FAQ References Summary Back Next