Viruses Bacteria Viruses are much smaller than bacteria

Viruses & Bacteria

Viruses are much smaller than bacteria Bacteriophage VIRUS Infecting a bacterium Bacterium

III. Viruses A. The Virus 1. virus – a tiny nonliving particle that invades and then multiples inside a living cell 2. viruses are considered nonliving because they do not have the characteristics of living things.

III. Viruses B. Structure 1. vary widely in shape and size 2. unique surface proteins tend to be specific and can only infect certain cells 3. all viruses have two basic parts an outer protein coat – protects the virus and inner core – contains the genetic material 4. bacteriophage - a virus that infects bacteria

C. Viral Multiplication 1. viruses take over the cell’s functions once inside the cell 2. the genetic material directs the cell to make viral proteins 3. new viruses are then assembled 4. some viruses begin this process immediately, others lie dormant for a while 5. active viruses – quickly take over the cell’s functions 6. hidden viruses – the virus’s genetic material ‘hides’ until it is triggered later

D. Viruses and Disease 1. viruses can infect organisms in any of the 3 domains 2. viral diseases spread between humans through: a. contact with a contaminated object b. contact with an infected animal c. contact with blood or other body fluids 3. treating and preventing viral diseases a. some viral diseases can be prevented with a vaccine - ___________ b. no cures for viral diseases, medication only treats the symptoms 4. examples of viral diseases: AIDS, influenza, common cold, and rabies

QUIZ: VIRUS ANSWER KEY Feb. 9, 2015

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE & COMPLETION WORD BANK Active Cells Genetic Material Multiply Parasites Proteins Vaccine

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. A B D C A 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. D C D A D 11. 12. 13. 14. C B A C 15. 16. 17. 18. B C A B

MODIFIED TRUE/FALSE 19. F, cells 20. T 21. F, genetic material COMPLETION 22. Cell 23. Parasites 24. Genetic Material 25. Proteins 26. Active 27. Vaccine 28. Multiply

SHORT ANSWER 29. D, A, C, E, B 30. The virus is injecting its genetic material into the bacterium. 31. The bacterium is bursting open, and the new viruses that were assembled inside the bacterium are being released.

SHORT ANSWER 32. The squiggly lines represent the virus’s genetic material, and the other structures are viral proteins. 33. The diagram shows the multiplication of an active virus, since the virus immediately directs the bacterium to produce viral proteins and genetic material. 34. The diagram shows that viruses can multiply only when they are inside a living cell.

BACTERIA

IV. Bacteria A. The Bacterium Cell 1. found in almost every environment on Earth 2. prokaryote 3. three basic cell shapes: spherical, rod-like, and spiral-shaped 4. cell structures: cell membrane, cell wall, cytoplasm, DNA ring, ribosomes, possible flagellum - ____ textbook definition _____

IV. Bacteria B. Obtaining Food and Energy 1. a bacterium can be an autotrophic or a heterotrophic 2. bacteria use cellular respiration to release energy 3. some bacteria live through bad conditions for years by forming an endospore

IV. Bacteria C. Reproduction 1. binary fission - __(textbook definition) __ 2. conjugation - __(textbook definition) __ 3. endospore - __(textbook definition) __

IV. Bacteria D. Bacteria in Nature 1. autotrophic bacteria make oxygen 2. some are used to make cheese, pickles, and cider; other bacteria can spoil food 3. many bacteria are decomposers that break down dead organisms 4. some bacteria are used in environmental clean-ups, like oil spills bacteria in your body produce vitamins, some can be used to make medicines

IV. Bacteria E. Bacteria and Disease 1. bacteria can infect both plants and animals 2. spread in the same ways as viruses as well as contaminated soil, food, or water 3. treating and preventing bacterial diseases bacterial infections can be treated with an antibiotic - A chemical that kills bacteria or slows their growth without harming body cells. § many infections can be prevented with hand washing and sanitation § some can be prevented with a vaccine (ex. tuberculosis, tetanus) § examples of bacterial diseases: food poisoning, strep throat, Lyme disease

V. Protists A. What is a Protist? 1. Eukaryotic (have cells with nuclei) 2. live in almost all moist habitats 3. most are unicellular, some are multicellular 4. very diverse group, ‘odds and ends’ kingdom

V. Protists B. Animal-like Protists 1. Protists are heterotrophs 2. reproduce using binary fission or conjugation depending on conditions and species 3. protozoan- An animal-like protist.

2. 1. 6. 5. 4. 3.

V. Protists Types of Protozoans: 1. Sarcodines 2. Ciliates 3. Zooflagellates 4. Parasitic protozoans that move using a variety of structures a. pseudopods - A “false foot” or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans.

V. Protists 4 Types of Protozoans: sarcodines, ciliates, zooflagellates, parasitic protozoans that move using a variety of structures • a. pseudopods - A “false foot” or temporary bulge of cytoplasm used for feeding and movement in some protozoans. • b. cilia - The hairlike projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner. • c. flagella - long, whiplike structures that help a cell to move.

V. Protists C. Plant-like Protists 1. are autotrophs 2. reproduce using binary fission or conjugation depending on conditions and species 3. algae- ______ textbook definition _______ 4. 6 types of algae: diatoms, dinoflagellates, euglenoids, red algae, green algae, and brown algae – many, but not all have movement structures 5. vary greatly in size - some unicellular, some in colonies, some multicellular

V. Protists D. Fungus-like Protists 1. are heterotrophs 2. have cell walls 3. use spores to reproduce, spore - _____ textbook definition _______________________ 4. can move at some point 5. 3 types of fungus-like protists: water molds, downy molds, and slime molds

V. Protists E. Protists and Disease 1. protists can infect both plants and animals 2. spread in the same ways as viruses as well as contaminated soil, food, or water 3. treatments are often specific to the type of protest infection 4. examples of protist diseases: malaria and amebic dysentery

VI. Fungi A. What is a fungus? 1. eukaryotes 2. heterotrophs 3. have cell membranes 4. use spores to reproduce 5. thrive in moist environments

VI. Fungi B. Cell Structure 1. most are multicelluar, some unicellular 2. cells arranged as hyphae - _______ textbook definition __ 3. the appearance of fungi depend on how its hyphae arranged C. Obtaining Food 1. First, fungi grow hyphae into the food source 2. Then, the fungi secretes digestive chemicals into the food source 3. the chemicals break down the food into substances the hyphae can absorb

VI. Fungi D. Reproduction 1. multicellular fungi - spores made in the fruiting body during good conditions; sexual reproduction through joined hyphae during poor growing conditions 2. unicellular fungi – yeast: reproduce asexually through budding textbook definition

VI. Fungi E. Types of Fungi 1. types of fungi: threadlike fungi, sac fungi, club fungi, imperfect fungi 2. lichens – fungi growing together with algae or autotrophic bacteria (mutualism)

VI. Fungi F. Fungi and Disease 1. fungi can infect both plants and animals 2. spread through spores 3. treatment with antifungal medications 4. examples of fungal infections: ringworm, athlete’s foot, yeast infections