VIRTUALITY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY By N S Venkatesh T

VIRTUALITY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY By N. S. Venkatesh, T. John college of pharmacy, Bengaluru. 1

BEGINNING OF NANOSCIENCE Richard Feynman (1918 -1988). Physicist. Shared Nobel Prize in 1965 for “Quantum electrodynamics” “There’s plenty of room at the bottom” 2

WHAT IS NANO? Nano in greek means “dwarfs” Nanotechnology is the ‘engineering of functional systems at the nanoscale’ (atomic, molecular, macromolecular). 3

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COMPARISION Human hair = 20, 000 nm; can carry 1 lakh nanoparticle. Whole population……you & me is Nano. A small marble piece in earth. 2 Sec ……. 1 nm growth of beard. 10 hydrogen atoms= 1 nm. 6

DIFFERENT APPROACHES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Top-down Approach………. Tera to Atto Or (1012 to 1018). Bottom-up Approach. ……. . Atto to Micro Or ( 10 -18 to 10 -6) 7

WHAT IS NANO MATERIAL? Nanoparticle ……. gold, silver, platinum, iron. Nanofilaments Nanotubes Nanofilms ……silicone, wrinkle proof cloth. …………carbon tubes. …………. graphenes 8

PREPARATION OF NANOMATERIAL Physical Method: Ball mill, Laser. . . etc Chemical Method: (i) Metal Salt + Alcohol / Reducing agent. (ii) Metals (oxides)+reagents+water. . . heated-up in a closed vessel……nano particle. 9

STEPS INVOLVED IN PHYSICAL METHOD 1. Homogenizer 2. Ultra Sonicator 3. Mills 4. Spray Milling 5. Supercritical Fluid Technology 6. Electrospray 7. Ultracentrifugation 8. Nanofiltration 10

FORMATION OF NANOPARTICLES Solution of Dextran + Ferric hexahydrate (acidic solution) Drip in Ammonium hydroxide (basic) at ~2 o. C Stirred at 75 o. C for 75 min. Purified by washing and ultra-centrifugation Resulting Size ~ 10 -20 nm Plasma half-life: 200 min 11

FOUR GENERATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 1. Passive nanostructure: - Aerosols. (2000) 2. Active nanostructure: 3. Systems of nano: - Targeted drugs. (2005) Robotics. (2010) 4. Molecular nanosystem: - Atomic design, Military camera (2015 -20) 12

APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 13

APPLICATIONS 1. Nanocosmetics……Nanosome skin cream. 2. Nanotextiles……. Lotus leaves, PTFE. 3. Nanosensors……. Dog, Dolphin, Tsunami. 4. Drug delivery……. . BBB. 5. Tissue engineering…. Tissue transplantations. 6. Lap on a chip (LOP)…. ABG, Glucometer. 7. CNT display…. . Aspect ratio, Clarity, Long lasting 8. Nanocomputers……DNA Storage. 14

ROLE IN OUR DAILY LIFE 1. Silver nanoparticle……Aquaguard, Socks. 2. LED …. Gallium nitride Nano+Yellow Phosphorus. 3. MRI………increase brightness of the image. 4. Carbon black…. . paint, wear resistance tyres, polish, hard disk, sunscreen lotions (titania). 5. Diagnosis of disease…. . Cd. Se. 6. Damascus Sword…. . nanotubes, nanowires. 15

SOME SIGNIFICANT ACHIEVEMENTS IN PHARMACEUTICALS Development of one dose a day ciprofloxacin using nanotechnology. Tumor targeted taxol delivery using nanoparticles in Phase 2 clinical trial stage. Improved ophthalmic delivery formulation using smart hydrogel nanoparticles. Oral insulin formulation using nanoparticles carriers. Liposomal based Amphotericin B formulation. 16

FEW EXAMPLES FOR DRUG DELIVERY CARRIERS 17

KEY TOOLS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Graphenes: - A Single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice graphite structure. (gas detection, IC) 7 million= 1 mm, elephant 18

KEY TOOLS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Carbon Nano Tubes (CNT): - Cylindrical graphenes. (Entering nuclei of the cell to deliver drugs, TV Displays) 19

KEY TOOLS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Buckyballs: - Spherical fullerenes (any molecule entirely composed of Carbon) Allotropes: - Two or more different physical forms in which an element can present. (diamond, graphite, charcoal) 20

KEY TOOLS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY Scaffolds: - Artificial, 3 D, biodegradable, biocompatible, temporary structure. (Transplantation) 21

GOLD NANOPARTICLE IN CANCER Diagnosis under uv Cancer : - Cd. Se light IV seep into tumor cancer cell glows. Treatment : - Gold nanoparticle + cancer cell Radiation Metal(gold) absorbs energy(heat) Heat up cancer cells are cooked inside the body, but healthy cells remain unaffected. Another MOA: - Increased heat Increase hsp 90 Up-regulation Increase anti-cancer activity. (By nanotube & nanofibers, peptide inserted into fibroblast) Fibroblast secretes IF alpha 22

GOLD NANOROD APPROACH Gold nanorods coated with bombesin attach to GRP receptors and are taken into the cancer cell. NIR laser energy is absorbed by the gold and kills the cell with heat. Gold permits imaging of the process. 23

FOUR R&D TEAMS Core Research Areas/ Team Leadership Cellular Probes Bio Sensors Core Research Areas Drug Delivery Systems Tissue Engineering 24

NANOMEDICINE FUTURE For cancer, the very exciting promises that should be realized over the next 10 years are: 1. Presymptomatic blood diagnoses 2. Targeted Medicine (For breast & prostate Cancer) “This new approach to medicine may help us to have healthy & virtual life style” 25

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