Virtual Career Counseling Training Counseling a Client from

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Virtual Career Counseling Training Counseling a Client from One of Four Career Theories Created

Virtual Career Counseling Training Counseling a Client from One of Four Career Theories Created by Dr. Debra Osborn © 2003

Purpose of this Activity To provide counselors in training with an opportunity to counsel

Purpose of this Activity To provide counselors in training with an opportunity to counsel a fictional client from one of four career theories. To allow counselors to test their knowledge and application of these theories in an interactive way that allows for choices, corrections and learning.

Overview of the Activity After choosing your preferred career theory, you will have the

Overview of the Activity After choosing your preferred career theory, you will have the opportunity to choose options with respect to: Case conceptualization and Potential Interventions Note: Be sure to click directly on the hyperlinks to choose your answer, or you will be forwarded to the next page, which may not be what you intended.

Client Information Joe recently graduated from college and is working as a sales representative

Client Information Joe recently graduated from college and is working as a sales representative for a pharmaceutical company. While he likes the salary and the variety of people he meets, he’s noticed that he’s not that good of a salesperson, and the constant travel is starting to grow old. He’s not certain this is the career path he wants to pursue, and has come to you for help.

Choose a Theory Good career counseling should be based on a theoretical approach. As

Choose a Theory Good career counseling should be based on a theoretical approach. As such, choose one of theories below from which you would like to counsel Joe: • Holland’s RIASEC Theory • Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) Theory • Super’s Developmental Approach • Person-Environment-Correspondence (PEC) Theory

H 1. Holland’s RIASEC Theory: Case Conceptualization Which of the following questions might you

H 1. Holland’s RIASEC Theory: Case Conceptualization Which of the following questions might you have, that is most consistent with Holland’s RIASEC theory? a. How do Joe’s interests match with his work environment? b. What type of dysfunctional thinking might be affecting Joe’s knowledge about himself and his options? c. How is Joe’s current stage of life affecting his indecision? d. What values do Joe’s current work satisfy and which are not satisfied? How do his skills match the demands of his job?

H 1. Correct Answer: Yes, understanding how a person’s interests and environments match or

H 1. Correct Answer: Yes, understanding how a person’s interests and environments match or don’t match is a question someone using Holland’s approach would have in mind. H 2. Which of the following might also be a main concern? Joe’s ability to do the work Joe’s values Joe’s self-esteem Joe’s level of vocational identity

H 1. Incorrect answer b. No. Dysfunctional thinking really isn’t a main part of

H 1. Incorrect answer b. No. Dysfunctional thinking really isn’t a main part of Holland’s theory. It is more of a concern with Cognitive Information Processing, however. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 1. Incorrect answer c. No. This is more of a concern for developmental

H 1. Incorrect answer c. No. This is more of a concern for developmental career theorists, such as Donald Super, and Ginzberg. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 1. Incorrect answer d. No. How well a person’s values and needs are

H 1. Incorrect answer d. No. How well a person’s values and needs are met on the job, as well as the degree to which their skills match with the job requirements are more of a main concern with the PEC theory. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 2. Incorrect answer a. No. PEC is more concerned with Joe’s ability. If

H 2. Incorrect answer a. No. PEC is more concerned with Joe’s ability. If Joe doesn’t have the ability to perform the job demands, it will lead to nonsatisfactoriness, and ultimately he will be fired. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 2. Incorrect answer b. No. PEC is more concerned with the values Joe

H 2. Incorrect answer b. No. PEC is more concerned with the values Joe has and how they are satisfied or frustrated in his current job. If his most important values are met, this will lead to satisfaction and he will stay (tenure). If not, this will lead to dissatisfaction, and he will quit. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 2. Incorrect answer c. No. Self-esteem is not a main concern of Holland’s

H 2. Incorrect answer c. No. Self-esteem is not a main concern of Holland’s approach. Of course, if Joe has many doubts about his abilities, it might lead to an inaccurate picture of his actual potential. Negative self-talk is of greater importance in the CIP theory. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 2. Correct answer d. Yes, another important component of Holland’s approach is a

H 2. Correct answer d. Yes, another important component of Holland’s approach is a person’s level of vocational identity, that is, the degree to which a person has a clear and stable sense of one’s goals and interests. H 3. Which of the following interventions might you suggest, based on Holland’s theory? a. b. c. d. Career Maturity Inventory Career Thoughts Inventory Minnesota Importance Questionnaire Self-Directed Search

H 3. Incorrect answer a. No. The Career Maturity Inventory refers to Donald Super’s

H 3. Incorrect answer a. No. The Career Maturity Inventory refers to Donald Super’s approach and reflects a developmental level of a client, and how ready/motivated that person is to make a career choice. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 3. Incorrect answer b. No. The Career Thoughts Inventory addresses dysfunctional career thinking,

H 3. Incorrect answer b. No. The Career Thoughts Inventory addresses dysfunctional career thinking, which is a key component of the CIP approach. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 3. Incorrect answer c. No. The MIQ is an inventory based on the

H 3. Incorrect answer c. No. The MIQ is an inventory based on the PEC approach, and its purpose is to identify a person’s needs/values, and to compare those with the values of people in different career fields. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 3. Correct answer d. Yes, the SDS was created by Holland to help

H 3. Correct answer d. Yes, the SDS was created by Holland to help people see how their interests match or don’t match with different environments. Other inventories Holland might use include the My Vocational Situation and the Position Classification Inventory. n Click here to go to the next question

H 4. Joe’s SDS Results If Joe’s SDS results were as follows, what might

H 4. Joe’s SDS Results If Joe’s SDS results were as follows, what might be your conclusion? R=25, I=20, A=30, S=45, E=23, C=15 He’s in the right field, but he may want to consider moving into management. n He might want to consider helping careers. n His scores are too close together to enable an accurate interpretation. n His scores suggest that he is depressed. n

H 4. Incorrect answer a. No. Management is usually represented by a high “E”

H 4. Incorrect answer a. No. Management is usually represented by a high “E” score, and his score is significantly lower than his high “S” and second highest “A” score. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 4. Correct answer b. Yes. The very strong “S” suggests helping careers such

H 4. Correct answer b. Yes. The very strong “S” suggests helping careers such as teaching, counseling, coaching, nursing, etc. Click here to go to the summary slide of Holland’s approach and/or to then return to the other theoretical approaches.

H 4. Incorrect answer c. No. Actually, there is a high amount of differentiation

H 4. Incorrect answer c. No. Actually, there is a high amount of differentiation in his scores, which allows for a high degree of confidence that his scores are indicative of his true interests. n Click here to choose another answer.

H 4. Incorrect answer d. No. Very low scores on the SDS could be

H 4. Incorrect answer d. No. Very low scores on the SDS could be an indicator of depression, because basically the person is saying “I’m not good at anything and I’m not interested in anything. ” However, Joe’s scores are not low. n Click here to choose another answer.

Holland Summary Holland’s theory looks at how a person’s interests match/don’t match with their

Holland Summary Holland’s theory looks at how a person’s interests match/don’t match with their environment. Tools associated with Holland’s RIASEC theory include the Self-Directed Search, My Vocational Situation and the Position Classification Inventory. Once a person has obtained their results from the SDS, they might be directed to learn more about options of interest through sources such as the Occupational Outlook Handbook. Click here to choose a different career theory. Click here to go to the end of the presentation.

C 1. Cognitive Information Processing Theory Which of the following questions might you have,

C 1. Cognitive Information Processing Theory Which of the following questions might you have, that is most consistent with CIP theory? a. b. c. d. How does Joe’s interests match with his work environment? What type of dysfunctional thinking might be affecting Joe’s knowledge about himself and his options? How is Joe’s current stage of life affecting his indecision? What values do Joe’s current work satisfy and which are not satisfied? How do his skills match the demands of his job?

C 1. Incorrect answer a. No. The question of a person’s interests is of

C 1. Incorrect answer a. No. The question of a person’s interests is of importance to the CIP approach, but not the most important. Interests are a key component in Holland’s theory, however. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 1. Correct answer b. Yes, research shows that up to 75% of career

C 1. Correct answer b. Yes, research shows that up to 75% of career indecision can be predicted by dysfunctional career thoughts, a key factor in the CIP approach. C 2. Which of the following might also be a main concern? Joe’s ability to do the work Joe’s values Joe’s self-esteem and self-talk Joe’s level of vocational identity

C 1. Incorrect answer c. No. This is more of a concern for developmental

C 1. Incorrect answer c. No. This is more of a concern for developmental career theorists, such as Donald Super, and Ginzberg. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 1. Incorrect answer d. No. How well a person’s values and needs are

C 1. Incorrect answer d. No. How well a person’s values and needs are met on the job, as well as the degree to which their skills match with the job requirements are more of a main concern with the PEC theory. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 2. Incorrect answer a. No. PEC is more concerned with Joe’s ability. If

C 2. Incorrect answer a. No. PEC is more concerned with Joe’s ability. If Joe doesn’t have the ability to perform the job demands, it will lead to nonsatisfactoriness, and ultimately he will be fired. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 2. Incorrect answer b. No. While values play an important role in selfknowledge

C 2. Incorrect answer b. No. While values play an important role in selfknowledge and decision making as described by CIP, they are of more importance in the PEC approach, and not the best answer out of the list of options given. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 2. Correct answer c. Yes, identifying, reframing, monitoring and controlling negative self-talk (evidence

C 2. Correct answer c. Yes, identifying, reframing, monitoring and controlling negative self-talk (evidence of dysfunctional career thinking) is a key component of the CIP approach. C 3. Which of the following interventions might you suggest, based on CIP theory? a. b. c. d. Career Maturity Inventory Career Thoughts Inventory Minnesota Importance Questionnaire Self-Directed Search

C 2. Incorrect answer d. No. Vocational identity (having a clear and stable sense

C 2. Incorrect answer d. No. Vocational identity (having a clear and stable sense of one’s interests and goals) is of more importance to Holland’s RIASEC approach than to CIP. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 3. Incorrect answer a. No. The CMI is associated with Super’s approach. n

C 3. Incorrect answer a. No. The CMI is associated with Super’s approach. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 3. Correct answer b. Yes, the CTI is a measure of dysfunctional career

C 3. Correct answer b. Yes, the CTI is a measure of dysfunctional career thinking, associated with the CIP approach. Click here to go to the next CIP question.

C 3. Incorrect answer c. No. The MIQ is an inventory based on the

C 3. Incorrect answer c. No. The MIQ is an inventory based on the PEC approach, and its purpose is to identify a person’s needs/values, and to compare those with the values of people in different career fields. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 3. Incorrect answer d. No. The SDS was created by Holland to help

C 3. Incorrect answer d. No. The SDS was created by Holland to help people see how their interests match or don’t match with different environments. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 4. CTI Results Based on Joe’s CTI results (reported in T scores) below,

C 4. CTI Results Based on Joe’s CTI results (reported in T scores) below, what would you recommend? CTI Total = 75; Decision Making Confusion = 73; Commitment Anxiety = 50; External Conflict = 35. a. b. c. d. Joe has minimal dysfunctional career thoughts and should benefit most from a self-directed approach. Joe has a moderate level of dysfunctional career thoughts and should benefit most from a brief-assisted approach. Joe has a high level of dysfunctional career thoughts and should benefit most from an individually case-managed approach. Due to the External Conflict score, the career counselor might want to consider bringing in Joe’s significant other and/or family.

C 4. Incorrect answer a. No. The t scores indicate a high level of

C 4. Incorrect answer a. No. The t scores indicate a high level of dysfunctional career thinking. His high scores on decision making confusion strongly suggest that he’s had problems getting started with and working through the career decision making process. A selfdirected approach would most likely end in failure. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 4. Incorrect answer b. No. The t scores indicate a high level of

C 4. Incorrect answer b. No. The t scores indicate a high level of dysfunctional career thinking. His high scores on decision making confusion strongly suggest that he’s had problems getting started with and working through the career decision making process. n Click here to choose another answer.

C 4. Correct answer c. Yes. The t scores indicate a high level of

C 4. Correct answer c. Yes. The t scores indicate a high level of dysfunctional career thinking. His high scores on decision making confusion strongly suggest that he’s had problems getting started with and working through the career decision making process. He’s likely to need a lot of assistance to help him work through his negative self-talk. Click here to go to the CIP summary and/or to then return to the other theoretical approaches.

C 4. Incorrect answer d. While the External Conflict score is a measure of

C 4. Incorrect answer d. While the External Conflict score is a measure of how significant others might be impacting one’s thinking about career decisions, Joe’s T score on this scale is lower and does not suggest a need for family therapy. Click here to choose another answer.

CIP Summary The CIP approach includes 4 basic areas of inquiry for the client

CIP Summary The CIP approach includes 4 basic areas of inquiry for the client and counselor: self-knowledge, occupational knowledge, decision-making, and dysfunctional career thinking. The Career Thoughts Inventory is a tool for identifying dysfunctional career thoughts. A next step would be to help a client reframe those thoughts in ways that are more productive. Other steps appropriate to the other 3 areas could include self-assessments, researching occupations, and decision making exercises. Click here to return to theoretical approaches. Click here to go to the end of the presentation.

S 1. Super’s Developmental Approach Which of the following questions might you have, that

S 1. Super’s Developmental Approach Which of the following questions might you have, that is most consistent with Super’s theory? a. How do Joe’s interests match with his work environment? b. What type of dysfunctional thinking might be affecting Joe’s knowledge about himself and his options? c. How is Joe’s current stage of life affecting his indecision? d. What values do Joe’s current work satisfy and which are not satisfied? How do his skills match the demands of his job?

S 1. Incorrect answer a. No. While interests are part of what Super calls

S 1. Incorrect answer a. No. While interests are part of what Super calls the vocational self-concept, out of the questions given, this answer is not the most reflective of Super’s theory, but is more reflective of Holland’s RIASEC theory. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 1. Incorrect answer b. No. Dysfunctional thinking really isn’t a main part of

S 1. Incorrect answer b. No. Dysfunctional thinking really isn’t a main part of Super’s theory. It is more of a concern with Cognitive Information Processing, however. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 1. Correct answer c. Yes, Super’s theory is mainly concerned on the developmental

S 1. Correct answer c. Yes, Super’s theory is mainly concerned on the developmental process of career choices and issues. S 2. Which of the following might also be a main concern? Joe’s level of career maturity Joe’s values Joe’s self-talk Joe’s level of vocational identity

S 1. Incorrect answer d. No. How well a person’s values and needs are

S 1. Incorrect answer d. No. How well a person’s values and needs are met on the job, as well as the degree to which their skills match with the job requirements are more of a main concern with the PEC theory. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 2. Correct answer a. Yes, how mature and motivated a person is in

S 2. Correct answer a. Yes, how mature and motivated a person is in terms of their career development is a key factor of Super’s developmental approach. S 3. Which of the following interventions might you suggest, based on Super’s theory? a. b. c. d. Career Maturity Inventory Career Thoughts Inventory Minnesota Importance Questionnaire Self-Directed Search

S 2. Incorrect answer b. No. While values are a key component of the

S 2. Incorrect answer b. No. While values are a key component of the vocational self-concept described by Super, out of the options listed, it is not the most important one. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 2. Incorrect answer c. No. While self-concept is important to Super, he really

S 2. Incorrect answer c. No. While self-concept is important to Super, he really didn’t address negative self-talk and its impact on career decision making, like the CIP approach does. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 2. Incorrect answer d. No. Vocational identity (having a clear and stable sense

S 2. Incorrect answer d. No. Vocational identity (having a clear and stable sense of self) is a term associated with Holland’s theory. Super’s related term was vocational self-concept. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 3. Correct answer a. Yes, the CMI is associated with Super’s approach. Click

S 3. Correct answer a. Yes, the CMI is associated with Super’s approach. Click here to answer another question from Super’s approach.

Super Next Step a. b. c. d. Joe’s results from the Career Maturity Inventory

Super Next Step a. b. c. d. Joe’s results from the Career Maturity Inventory indicate that he is motivated to make a career choice at this time. Which of Super’s stages and suggested activities are most likely relevant to Joe at this time? Growth; much volunteering and shadowing Exploration; self-assessment, occupational research Maintenance; additional training in pharmaceuticals, sales or management Decline; deciding what impact he wants to have in this field.

S 3. Incorrect answer b. No. The CTI is a measure of dysfunctional career

S 3. Incorrect answer b. No. The CTI is a measure of dysfunctional career thinking, associated with the CIP approach. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 3. Incorrect answer c. No. The MIQ is an inventory based on the

S 3. Incorrect answer c. No. The MIQ is an inventory based on the PEC approach, and its purpose is to identify a person’s needs/values, and to compare those with the values of people in different career fields. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 3. Incorrect answer d. No. The SDS was created by Holland to help

S 3. Incorrect answer d. No. The SDS was created by Holland to help people see how their interests match or don’t match with different environments. n Click here to choose another answer.

S 4. Incorrect answer a. No. Joe is not just starting out. His experience

S 4. Incorrect answer a. No. Joe is not just starting out. His experience in sales has provided him with additional knowledge about himself and his occupations. Also, he likely doesn’t have the time to do the activities suggested, which are more appropriate at the high school and college level. Click here to choose another answer.

S 4. Correct answer b. Yes. This job has provided him with more knowledge

S 4. Correct answer b. Yes. This job has provided him with more knowledge about himself and the world of work, but he now needs to re-evaluate his interests and values and learn more about other options. Using a CACG would allow him to do this in a timeefficient manner. Click here to go to Super’s summary and/or then to return to theoretical approaches page.

S 4. Incorrect answer c. No. Joe’s just beginning in this career field, and

S 4. Incorrect answer c. No. Joe’s just beginning in this career field, and he is having doubts about this path. It would not be wise, therefore, to encourage him to explore how to stay in a field he doesn’t really like. Click here to choose another answer.

S 4. Incorrect answer d. No. Joe’s not retiring, he’s just getting his feet

S 4. Incorrect answer d. No. Joe’s not retiring, he’s just getting his feet wet in the world of work after graduation. Click here to choose another answer.

Super Summary Super uses a developmental approach to career counseling, which helps the client

Super Summary Super uses a developmental approach to career counseling, which helps the client and counselor understand general stages in which the client might find him/herself. The Career Maturity Inventory identifies the level of motivation a client has in making a career choice. Click here to choose another career theory. Click here to go to the end of the presentation.

P 1. Person-Environment. Correspondence Theory Which of the following questions might you have, that

P 1. Person-Environment. Correspondence Theory Which of the following questions might you have, that is most consistent with PEC theory? a. b. c. d. How do Joe’s interests match with the demands of his job? What type of dysfunctional thinking might be affecting Joe’s knowledge about himself and his options? How is Joe’s current stage of life affecting his indecision? What values do Joe’s current work satisfy and which are not satisfied?

P 1. Incorrect answer a. No. It’s the link between abilities and job requirements

P 1. Incorrect answer a. No. It’s the link between abilities and job requirements that is important, as well as the link between needs and occupational reinforcement. n Click here to choose another answer.

P 1. Incorrect answer b. No. Dysfunctional thinking really isn’t a main part of

P 1. Incorrect answer b. No. Dysfunctional thinking really isn’t a main part of PEC theory. It is more of a concern with Cognitive Information Processing, however. n Click here to choose another answer.

P 1. Incorrect answer c. No. This is more of a concern for developmental

P 1. Incorrect answer c. No. This is more of a concern for developmental career theorists, such as Donald Super, and Ginzberg. n Click here to choose another answer.

P 1. Correct answer d. Yes, the PEC model focuses on satisfaction (how values/needs

P 1. Correct answer d. Yes, the PEC model focuses on satisfaction (how values/needs are met by the employer) and satisfactoriness (how an individual’s abilities meet the demands of a particular job) P 2. Which of the following might also be a main concern? Joe’s abilities Joe’s decision making approach Joe’s self-esteem Joe’s level of vocational identity

P 2. Correct answer a. Yes, a primary part of the PEC model is

P 2. Correct answer a. Yes, a primary part of the PEC model is whether one is able to successful perform the requirements of the job. If so, satisfactoriness has been achieved; if not, firing is likely. P 3. Which of the following interventions might you suggest, based on PEC theory? a. b. c. d. Career Maturity Inventory Career Thoughts Inventory Minnesota Importance Questionnaire Self-Directed Search

P 2. Incorrect answer b. No. Decision-making is not really a main component of

P 2. Incorrect answer b. No. Decision-making is not really a main component of the PEC approach, as it is with CIP, Krumboltz and Tiedeman. Click here to choose another answer.

P 2. Incorrect answer c. No. Self-esteem is not really addressed directly within the

P 2. Incorrect answer c. No. Self-esteem is not really addressed directly within the PEC approach, as it is in CIP, Krumboltz’ Learning Theory of Career Counseling, and Hackett & Bett’s Self. Efficacy approach. Click here to choose another answer.

P 2. Incorrect answer d. No. Vocational identity (having a clear and stable sense

P 2. Incorrect answer d. No. Vocational identity (having a clear and stable sense of self) is a term associated with Holland’s theory. Click here to choose another answer.

P 3. Incorrect answer a. No. The CMI is associated with Super’s approach. n

P 3. Incorrect answer a. No. The CMI is associated with Super’s approach. n Click here to choose another answer.

P 3. Incorrect answer b. No. The CTI is a measure of dysfunctional career

P 3. Incorrect answer b. No. The CTI is a measure of dysfunctional career thinking, associated with the CIP approach. n Click here to choose another answer.

P 3. Correct answer c. Yes, the MIQ is an inventory based on the

P 3. Correct answer c. Yes, the MIQ is an inventory based on the PEC approach, and its purpose is to identify a person’s needs/values, and to compare those with the values of people in different career fields. Click here to go to another question from the PEC approach.

P 3. Incorrect answer d. No. The SDS was created by Holland to help

P 3. Incorrect answer d. No. The SDS was created by Holland to help people see how their interests match or don’t match with different environments. n Click here to choose another answer.

P 4. MIQ Results Based on Joe’s MIQ results, which of the following would

P 4. MIQ Results Based on Joe’s MIQ results, which of the following would you recommend? a. b. c. d. MIQ results: Joe’s most important values are social service, variety and ability utilization. Moderate values included advancement and recognition. Joe should explore options within the helping field. Joe should see if his job description could change to better fit his values. Joe’s values suggest that if he got involved in some type of charity, his job would meet his other needs. Joe’s values match the occupational reinforcers of his job; he simply needs more training to develop his skills.

P 4. Correct answer a. Yes, his values suggest that work in this type

P 4. Correct answer a. Yes, his values suggest that work in this type of field might provide strong reinforcers for him and therefore, increase his satisfaction. Click here to go to the PEC summary and then to return to another career theory.

P 4. Incorrect answer b. No. While this is often a recommendation within PEC

P 4. Incorrect answer b. No. While this is often a recommendation within PEC (to see if your work can be rearranged so that what is reinforcing to you is provided – and what is not reinforcing or even punishing is diminished or removed), in this case, it is highly unlikely. Joe reported that his current skills don’t match the job requirements, and it appears his top value is not being met. Click here to choose another answer.

P 4. Incorrect answer c. No. While looking at leisure is a great idea,

P 4. Incorrect answer c. No. While looking at leisure is a great idea, in this case you also need to consider that he is lacking the skills to be in sales (and therefore may be headed for termination). Click here to choose another answer.

P 4. Incorrect answer d. No. While training could help him build his skills

P 4. Incorrect answer d. No. While training could help him build his skills (and increase the probability of his tenure), his other values are not being met. Training, plus volunteering for a charity or some helping organization might be a successful combination, though. Click here to choose another answer.

PEC Summary PEC looks at how a person’s values and occupational reinforcers intersect, as

PEC Summary PEC looks at how a person’s values and occupational reinforcers intersect, as well as how a person’s abilities and job requirements match or don’t match. The MIQ provides a picture of what is reinforcing to a person. Based on these results, a person might want to change jobs, or try to renegotiate his or her current job requirements, benefits, and/or seek additional training. Click here to go to the career theories. Click here to go to the end of the presentation.

Thank You Thank you for participating in the interactive career counseling experience. While not

Thank You Thank you for participating in the interactive career counseling experience. While not representative of the breadth and depth of career counseling or career theories, this activity should be viewed as a starting point or a general application of the most general aspects of these approaches. For more information about Career Counseling, you can visit the National Career Development Association. Click here to return to the Career Resources Lab.