Virginia Studies SOL Review 4 th Grade VS

Virginia Studies SOL Review 4 th Grade

VS. 2 a Bordering States Go counterclockwis e starting with Maryland. Mustard With Ketchup Tastes Nasty Maryland West Virginia Kentucky Tennessee North Carolina

VS. 2 b Geographic Regions Go right to left! Can Pit Bulls Vote Again Coastal Plain Piedmont Blue Ridge Mountains Valley and Ridge Appalachian Plateau

VS. 2 b Geographic Regions Coastal Plain (Tidewater) n n n Flat land Near Atlantic Ocean and Chesapeake Bay East of the Fall Line

VS. 2 b Geographic Regions Fall Line n n n (Not a region) The natural border between the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions Waterfalls prevent further travel on the river

VS. 2 b Geographic Regions Piedmont n n n (Land at the foot of the mountains) Rolling Hills West of the Fall Line

VS. 2 b Geographic Regions Blue Ridge Mountains n n Old, rounded mountains Part of Appalachian mountain system Between Piedmont and Valley and Ridge Source of many rivers

VS. 2 b Geographic Regions Valley and Ridge n n n Includes the Great Valley of Virginia and other valleys separated by ridges Part of Appalachian mountain system West of Blue Ridge Mountains

VS. 2 b Geographic Regions Appalachian Plateau n n n Plateau: Area of elevated land that is flat on top Located in Southwest Virginia Only a small part of the plateau is located in VA

VS. 2 c Water Features Rivers: North to South Please Recite Your Jokes Potomac Rappahannock York James

VS. 2 c Water Features Atlantic Ocean n Provided transportation links between Virginia and other places Chesapeake Bay n n Provided a safe harbor Was a source of food and transportation

VS. 2 c Water Features Potomac River n n n Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Alexandria is located along the Potomac River - Alex eats Potatoes Source of food and pathway for exploration and settlement of VA

VS. 2 c Water Features Rappahannock River n n n Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Fredericksburg is located on the Rappahannock River - Fred likes to Rap Source of food and pathway for exploration and settlement of VA

VS. 2 c Water Features York River n n n Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Yorktown located along the York River Source of food and pathway for exploration and settlement of VA

VS. 2 c Water Features James River n n n Flows into the Chesapeake Bay Richmond and Jamestown are located along the James River - King James is Rich Source of food and pathway for exploration and settlement of VA

VS. 2 c Water Features Lake Drummond n Located in Coastal Plain region n Shallow natural lake surrounded by Dismal Swamp n Located in Coastal Plain region n Variety of wildlife n George Washington explored and surveyed

VS. 2 c Water Features The Eastern Shore n n n A peninsula: a piece of land bordered by water on three sides Bordered by the Chesapeake Bay to the West and the Atlantic Ocean to the East Part of Coastal Plain (Tidewater) region

VS. 2 d American Indian Language Groups n n Christopher Columbus called the native people he found in the lands he explored “Indians” because he thought he was in the Indies (near China) Artifacts such as arrowheads, pottery, and tools that have been found tell a lot about the people who lived in Virginia

VS. 2 d American Indian Language Groups Three Major Language Groups: n Algonquian n Siouan n Iroquoian

VS. 2 d American Indian Language Groups Algonquian n n Spoken primarily in the Tidewater region Powhatans were part of the Algonquian group - PA

VS. 2 d American Indian Language Groups Siouan n n Spoken primarily in the Piedmont region Monacan were part of the Siouan group - MS

VS. 2 d American Indian Language Groups Iroquoian n n Spoken in Southwestern Virginia and in Southern Virginia near what is today North Carolina The Cherokee were a part of the Iroquoian group - I C “I see”

VS. 2 e American Indians and Climate Relation Climate in Virginia n n n Relatively mild with distinct seasons – spring, summer, fall, and winter – resulting in a variety of vegetation Forests, which have a variety of trees, cover most of the land. Virginia’s Indians are referred to as Eastern Woodland Indians

VS. 2 e American Indians and Climate Relation Environmental Connections n The kinds of food they ate, the clothing they wore, and the shelters they had depended on the seasons. n Animal skins (deerskin) were used for clothing n Shelter was made from materials around them.

VS. 2 e American Indians and Climate Relation Foods changed with the seasons n In winter, they hunted birds and animals and lived on stored foods from the previous fall n In spring, they hunted, fished and picked berries n In summer, they grew crops (beans, corn, squash) n In fall, they harvested crops, and hunted for foods to preserve and keep for the winter

VS. 2 e American Indians and Climate Relation Native Peoples of the Past and Present Past Present Farmed, hunted, and fished n Made homes using natural resources n Used animal skins for clothing in the winter n Most live like other Americans n Culture has changed over time n

VS. 2 f Archaeology of Werowocomoco and Jamestown n n Archaeologists study all kinds of material evidence left from people of the past They help us understand the past

VS. 2 f Archaeology of Werowocomoco and Jamestown Werowocomoco n A large Indian town used by Indian leaders for several hundred years before the English settlers came n The headquarters of the leader, Powhatan, in 1607

VS. 2 f Archaeology of Werowocomoco and Jamestown n Became the first permanent settlement in North America n Archaeologists discovered the site of the original fort n Artifacts give archaeologists clues about the interactions of the English, Africans, and Indians in early Virginia

VS. 2 g Current State. Recognized Tribes n American Indians, who trace their family history back to before 1607, continue to live in all parts of Virginia today.

VS. 2 g Current State. Recognized Tribes Coastal Plain Region n n n Chickahominy Tribe Eastern Chickahominy Tribe Mattaponi Tribe Nansemond Tribe Pamunkey Tribe Rappahannock Tribe Upper Mattaponi Tribe Piedmont Region n Monacan Tribe

VS. 3 a Reasons for English Colonization Reasons for English colonization in America n England wanted to establish an American colony to increase itswealth and power - England hoped to find silver and gold in America - An American settlement would furnish raw materials that could not be grown or obtained in England, while opening new markets for trade

VS. 3 a Reasons for English Colonization Jamestown n Primarily an economic venture The stockholders of the Virginia company of London financed the settlement Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America in 1607

VS. 3 b Geography of Jamestown When the settlers arrived in 1607, Jamestown was located on a narrow peninsula bordered on three sides by the James River. Today, Jamestown is located on an island in the James River. Reasons for Site Choice n n n Could be easily defended from attack by sea (Spanish) Water along the shore was deep enough for ships to dock Believed they had a good supply of fresh water

VS. 3 c The Virginia Company of London Charters Importance of Virginia Charters n The King of England granted charters to the Virginia Company of London to: - establish a settlement in North America - extend English rights to the settlers

VS. 3 d The Virginia Assembly System of Government n n n In 1619, the governor of Virginia called a meeting of the General Assembly. The assembly included two representatives (called “burgesses”) from each of the divisions of Virginia, the governor’s council, and the governor. They met as one legislative body. At that time, only certain free adult men had the right to take part

VS. 3 d The Virginia Assembly Virginia House of Burgesses n n By the 1640’s the burgesses became a separate legislative body, called the House of Burgesses. They met separately from the Governor’s Council as one of the two legislative bodies of the General Assembly The House of Burgesses was the first elected legislative body in English America giving settlers the opportunity to control their own government. The current Virginia General Assembly dates from the establishment of the House of Burgesses at Jamestown in 1619

VS. 3 e Africans and Women n Portuguese sailors captured African men and women from present-day Angola. The status of these early Africans as servants or slaves in Virginia is unknown Africans arrived in Jamestown against their will in 1619. The arrival of Africans made it possible to expand the tobacco economy.

VS. 3 e Africans and Women n The arrival of additional women in 1620 made it possible for more settlers to establish families and a permanent settlement at Jamestown.

VS. 3 f Hardships in Jamestown Hardships Faced by the Settlers n n n The site they chose to live on was marshy and lacked safe drinking water The settlers lacked some skills necessary to provide for themselves Many settlers died of starvation and disease

VS. 3 f Hardships in Jamestown Changes that Resulted in Survival n n n Arrival of supply ships Forced work program and strong leadership of Captain John Smith Emphasis on agriculture

VS. 3 g Interactions Between English and Native Peoples Powhatan and English Interactions n Captain John Smith initiated trading relationships with the native peoples. Native Peoples Traded n Mainly Food English Traded Tools, Pots, Copper for jewelry (TPC) n

VS. 3 g Interactions Between English and Powhatan People Contribution of the Native Peoples to the Survival of Jamestown Settlers n n n Powhatan, chief of many tribes, provided leadership to his people and taught the settlers survival skills Pocahontas, daughter of Chief Powhatan, served as a contact between the native peoples and the English The native peoples showed the settlers how to plant corn and tobacco

VS. 3 g Interactions Between English and Powhatan People How the Relationship Changed n n The native peoples realized the English settlement would continue to grow They came to see the settlers as invaders who would take over their land

VS. 4 a Agriculture and Slavery Agriculture’s Effect on the Colony n n n The economy of the Virginia colony depended on agriculture as a primary source of wealth. Tobacco became the most profitable agricultural product. It was sold to England as a cash crop. Cash crop: A crop that is grown to sell for money rather than for use by the grower

VS. 4 a Agriculture and Slavery Agriculture’s Influence on Slavery n n n The successful planting of tobacco depended on a steady and inexpensive source of labor African men, women, and children were brought to the colony against their will to work as slaves on the plantations. The Virginia colony became dependent on slave labor, which lasted a long time.

VS. 4 b Culture of Colonial Virginia n n Whenever people settle an area, they change the culture and landscape to reflect their beliefs, customs, and architecture. Examples of architecture that reflect different cultures include: - Barns - Homes - Places of worship (churches)

VS. 4 b Culture of Colonial Virginia Place Names Reflecting Culture n n n There are names of cities and towns in Virginia that reflect both English and American Indian culture English – Richmond American Indian - Roanoke

VS. 4 b Culture of Colonial Virginia Settlement Areas n n English and other Europeans – primarily in Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions Germans and Scots-Irish – primarily in the Shenandoah Valley, along the migration route Africans – primarily in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions, where tobacco agriculture required labor Prior to the arrival of the settlers, American Indians lived throughout Virginia. After the settlers arrived, most were forced inland

VS. 4 b Culture of Colonial Virginia n n Migration and living in new areas caused people to adapt old customs to their new environment The culture of Virginia reflected American Indian, African, and European origins

VS. 4 c Moving Virginia’s Capital Reasons why the Capital was Moved from Jamestown to Williamsburg n n n Drinking water was contaminated by seepage of salt water Unhealthy living conditions caused diseases Fire destroyed wooden and brick buildings at Jamestown

VS. 4 c Moving Virginia’s Capital Reasons why the Capital was Moved from Williamsburg to Richmond n n Population was moving westward Richmond was a more central location Moving to Richmond increased the distance from attach by the British * England became Britain in the early 1700 s n

VS. 4 d Colonial Economics Economic Terms n n n Money: A medium of exchange (currency, which includes coins and paper bills) Barter: Trading of goods and services without using money Credit: Buying a good or service now and paying for it later Debt: A good or service owed to another Saving: Money put away to save or to spend at a later time

VS. 4 d Colonial Economics n n n Few people had paper money and coins to use to buy goods and services. Barter was commonly used instead of money. Tobacco was used as money. A tobacco farmer could use his tobacco to pay for goods and services. Farmers and other consumers could also buy goods and services on credit and pay their debts when their crops were harvested and sold. Colonial Virginia had no banks.

VS. 4 e Everyday Life in Colonial Virginia n People living in colonial Virginia depended on natural, human, and capital resources to produce the goods and services they needed. Food choices were limited n Meals were made of local produce and meats n Housing Most people lived on oneroom homes with dirt floors n Some people (farmers) lived in large houses n Clothing Households made their own clothes n Most was made of cotton, wool, and leather n

VS. 4 e Everyday Life in Colonial Virginia n n n Most white Virginians made their living from the land as small farmers. A few owned large farms (plantations). Most enslaved African Americans worked tobacco, crops, and livestock. They had no rights. Many free African Americans owned their own business and property, but were denied most rights.

VS. 5 a Reasons for the American Revolution Colonists and British Parliament Disagreed Over How the Colonies Should be Governed Parliament Colonists n Believed it had legal n Believed their local authority in the colonies assemblies had legal authority n Believed they should n Believed it had the right to tax the colonies not be taxed since they had no representation in Parliament

VS. 5 a Reasons for the American Revolution The Declaration of Independence n n n Written by Thomas Jefferson States that the authority to govern belongs to the people rather than to kings All people are created equal and have rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness

VS. 5 b Virginians in the Revolutionary War Roles of Virginians Patriots served in the n Some enslaved Continental Army and African Americans fought for independence, fought for a better leading to the British chance of freedom. surrender at Yorktown. n Some free African Americans fought for independence. n Some Virginians were n Other Virginians, the neutral and did not take Loyalists, remained sides. loyal to Great Britain. n Many American Indians fought alongside both the Virginia patriots and the British. n During the war, women took on more responsibility to support the war effort. n

VS. 5 b Virginians in the Revolutionary War Contributions of Virginians George Washington Thomas Jefferson Patrick Henry Provided military leadership by serving as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army Provided political leadership by expressing the reasons for colonial independence from Great Britain in the Declaration of Independence Inspired patriots from other colonies when he spoke out against taxation without representation by saying, “…give me liberty or give me death. ” James Lafayette, an enslaved African American from Virginia, served in the Continental Army and successfully requested his freedom after the war

VS. 5 c Battle of Great Bridge, the Ride of Jack Jouett, and Yorktown n The Battle of Great Bridge was the first land battle of the American Revolution fought in Virginia. The American victory forced the British colonial governor to flee the City of Norfolk.

VS. 5 c Battle of Great Bridge, the Ride of Jack Jouett, and Yorktown n Jack Jouett rode on horseback through the backwoods of Virginia to Charlottesville to warn Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, that the British were coming to arrest him and members of the General Assembly.

VS. 5 c Battle of Great Bridge, the Ride of Jack Jouett, and Yorktown n The American victory at Yorktown resulted in the surrender of the British army, which led to an end to the war.

VS. 6 a Virginians George Washington and James Madison George Washington James Madison “Father of Our Country” n Elected as the first President of the United States of America. n Provided strong leadership needed to help the young country n Provided a model of leadership for future presidents “Father of the Constitution” n Believed in the importance of having a United States Constitution n Kept detailed notes during Constitutional Convention n. Skills at compromise helped delegates reach an agreement during

VS. 6 b Virginia Declaration of Rights and Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom Virginia Declaration of Rights Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom n Written by Thomas Written by George Mason Jefferson n States that all Virginians have many rights, including freedom n. States that all people should of religion and freedom of the be free to worship as they please. press. n

VS. 6 c Western Migration n After the American Revolution, Virginia’s agricultural base began to change, and as a result large numbers of Virginians moved west and to the deep South to find better farmland new opportunities - Tobacco farming was hard on the soil, causing many farmers to look west and south for new land to farm - Virginians migrated into western territories looking for large areas of land new opportunities - As Virginians moved, they took their traditions, ideas, and cultures with them - Settlers crossed the Appalachian Mountains through the Cumberland Gap as the migrated to new lands.

VS. 6 c Western Migration

VS. 7 a Events and Differences Between North and South Northern States Economy was more industrialized n Southern States Economy was agricultural and relied more on slave labor n Wanted the new states created out of the western n. Wanted the new states to territory to be “free states” be “slave states” n

VS. 7 a Events and Differences Between North and South Events Leading to Secession and the Civil War n n Nat Turner led a revolt against plantation owners in Virginia Abolitionists campaigned to end slavery Harriet Tubman supported a secret route that escaped enslaved African Americans took, called the “Underground Railroad” John Brown led a raid on the United States Armory (Arsenal) at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. He was trying to start a slave rebellion. He was captured and hanged

VS. 7 a Events and Differences Between North and South Secession n After Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860, some southern states seceded from the Union and formed the “Confederate States of America. ” Later Virginia seceded and joined them. Conflict grew between the eastern counties of Virginia that relied on slavery and western counties that did not favor slavery. Many disagreements between the two regions led to the formation of West Virginia

VS. 7 b Virginia’s Role in the Civil War n n The first Battle of Bull Run (or Manassas) was the first major clash of the Civil War. Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson played a major role in this battle General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, defeated Union troops at Fredericksburg, Virginia

VS. 7 b Virginia’s Role in the Civil War n n Richmond was the capital of the Confederacy. It fell to General Ulysses S. Grant and was burned near the end of the war. Lincoln used the Union navy to blockade southern ports. An important sea battle between the Monitor (Union) and the Merrimack (Confederate), two iron clad ships, too place in Virginia waters near Norfolk and Hampton. The battle was fought to a draw.

VS. 7 b Virginia’s Role in the Civil War n The Civil War ended at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, where Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in April, 1865.

VS. 7 c Roles During the Civil War Varied Roles During the Civil War White Enslaved Free African American Virginians African Americans Indians Americans Most supported the Confederacy n Were relied on by the Confederacy to raise crops and provide labor for the army n Some felt n Most did not their limited take sides rights could best be protected by supporting the Confederacy n

VS. 8 a Reconstruction n Reconstruction: The period following the Civil War in which Congress passed laws designed to rebuild the country and bring the southern states back into the Union Problems Faced by Virginians Millions of African Americans needed housing, education, clothing, food, and jobs n Virginia’s economy was in ruins: - Money had no value - Banks were closed - Railroads, bridges, plantations, and crops were destroyed n Measures Taken to Resolve Problems The Freedmen’s Bureau was a government agency that provided food, schools, and medical care for freed African Americans and others in Virginia n. Sharecropping was a system common in Virginia after the war in which freed men and poor white farmers rented land from a landowner by promising to pay the owner with a share of the crop n

VS. 8 b Segregation n n Segregation: The separation of people, usually based on race or religion Discrimination: An unfair difference in the treatment of people During Reconstruction, African Americans began to have power in Virginia’s government, and men of all races could vote. But…

VS. 8 b Segregation n After Reconstruction, these gains were lost when “Jim Crow” Laws were passed by southern states. “Jim Crow” Laws established segregation and reinforced prejudices held by whites. Effects of “Jim Crow” Laws n Unfair poll taxes and voting tests were established to keep African American men from voting n African Americans found it very difficult to vote or hold public office n African Americans were forced to use separate poor-quality services such as drinking fountains, restrooms, and restaurants n African Americans and white children attended separate schools n “Jim Crow” laws had an effect on American Indians

VS. 8 c Virginia’s Economic Development Virginia Began to Grow in Many Areas After Reconstruction n n Virginia’s cities grew with people, businesses, and factories. Railroads were a key to the expansion of business, agriculture, and industry. They facilitated the growth of many small towns to cities.

VS. 8 c Virginia’s Economic Development Other parts of Virginia grew as other industries developed: n Coal deposits were discovered in Tazewell County n n The need for more and better roads increased. Tobacco farming and tobacco products became important Virginia industries.

VS. 9 a Economic and Social Transition From Agriculture to Industry Causes Effects Old farming systems were no longer effective and crop prices were low Agriculture declined Cities had economic opportunities People moved from rural areas to urban areas Technology improved transportation, roads, railroads, and streetcars Cities grew People moved from the countryside to find jobs Coal mining spurred the growth of cities and town

VS. 9 a Economic and Social Transition n People have moved to Virginia from many other states and nations During the 20 th century, Northern Virginia has experienced growth due to increase in the number of federal jobs located in the region. In the late 20 th century and the early 21 st century, Northern Virginia and the Coastal Plain region have grown due to computer technology.

VS. 9 b Woodrow Wilson and George C. Marshall Two famous Virginians, Woodrow Wilson and George C. Marshall, were important national and international leaders. Woodrow Wilson George C. Marshall n A 20 th century president n A military leader who wrote a plan for world created an economic plan to peace ensure world peace

VS. 9 c Desegregation and Massive Resistance Segregation: The separation of people, usually based on race or religion n Desegregation: Abolishment of racial segregation n Integration: Full equality of all races in the use of public facilities n

VS. 9 c Desegregation and Massive Resistance The U. S. Supreme Court ruled in 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education) that “separate but equal” public schools were unconstitutional All pubic schools, including those in Virginia, were ordered to desegregate

VS. 9 c Desegregation and Massive Resistance Virginia’s government established a policy of Massive Resistance, which fought to “resist” the desegregation of public schools, led by Harry F. Byrd Some schools were closed to avoid integration

VS. 9 c Desegregation and Massive Resistance The policy of Massive Resistance failed, and Virginia’s public schools were integrated

VS. 9 d Political, Social, and Economic Contributions Maggie L. Walker First African American woman and first woman to establish and become a bank president in the United States n Harry F. Byrd, Sr. As governor was known for a “Pay As You Go” policy for road improvements, and modernized VA’s state government n Oliver W. Hill A lawyer and civil rights leader who worked for equal rights of African Americans. n. Played a key role in the Brown v. Board of Education decision n

VS. 9 d Political, Social, and Economic Contributions Arthur R. Ashe, Jr. First African American winner of a major men’s tennis singles championship, and an author and spokesperson for social change n A. Linwood Holton, Jr. As governor of Virginia, promoted racial equality, and appointed more African Americans and women to positions in state government than previous governors n L. Douglas Wilder As governor of Virginia, was the first African American to be elected a state governor in the United States n

VS. 10 a Branches of Government Three Branches of Government Legislative Branch Judicial Branch General Assembly State Court System Decides cases about people accused of breaking the law and 2 Parts Senate House of whether or not a law agrees with Virginia’s Delegates Constitution Executive Branch Governor Makes state laws Makes sure that state laws are carried out

VS. 10 b Products and Industries Coastal Plain Products: Seafood, Peanuts Industries: Shipbuilding, tourism, military bases

VS. 10 b Products and Industries Piedmont Products: Tobacco products, information technology Industries: Federal and state government, farming, horse industry

VS. 10 b Products and Industries Blue Ridge Mountains Products: Apples Industries: Recreation

VS. 10 b Products and Industries Valley and Ridge Products: Poultry, apples dairy, beef Industries: Farming

VS. 10 b Products and Industries Appalachian Plateau Products: Coal Industries: Coal mining

VS. 10 c Transportation, Communication, and Technology n Virginia’s transportation system (highways, railroads, and air transportation) moves raw materials to factories and finished products to markets. Virginia exports agricultural and manufactured products, including tobacco, poultry, coal, and large ships.

VS. 10 c Transportation, Communication, and Technology n Virginia has a large number of communications and other technology industries.

VS. 10 c Transportation, Communication, and Technology n Tourism is a major part of Virginia’s economy.

VS. 10 c Transportation, Communication, and Technology n Because many federal workers live and/or work in Virginia, the federal government has a significant impact on Virginia’s economy.