Viewing the Galaxy through HiGAL Michele Pestalozzi On

Viewing the Galaxy through Hi-GAL Michele Pestalozzi On behalf of the Hi-GAL team

MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

From the original Hi-GAL proposal The Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL) embodies the optimum combination of Herschel wavelength coverage, sensitivity, mapping strategy and speed to deliver, in a single and homogeneous dataset of the highest statistical significance, the ultimate census and characterisation (T, L, M and SED) of star forming regions and cold ISM structures in all the environments of the Galactic ecosystem, at unprecedented resolutions, and at all scales from massive objects in protoclusters to the full spiral arm. Not to forget: legacy value MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Hi-GAL features • Photometry survey of the Galactic Plane PACS SPIRE • 5 bands: 70, 160, 250, 350, 500 m, i. e. PACS and SPIRE parallel mode • +70 o < l < -70 o , -1 o < b < +1 o • 2 ox 2 o tiles, 2 orthogonal directions, 60”/s • 343 hours of Herschel time • Today: completed to 95%, Hi-GAL 2 on its way • No propriety period MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Hi-GAL in context IPGS/HI+NVSS+SUMSS: atomic ISM, free-free, SNRs CORNISH: free-free HOPS Wavelength ( m) IGPS/GRS: Molecular ISM, VLSR Dkin SCUBA 2+La. Bo. Ca+Bolocam Hi-GAL 2 2 p. Hi-GAL 2 MIPSGAL I+II Akari WISE MSX GLIMPSE I+II GLIMPSE 360 2 MASS/UKIDSS/VISTA VPHAS/IPHAS (r, i + Ha): ionised ISM Galactic Longitude MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Hi-GAL gallery: 70 m MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

https: //hi-gal. ifsi-roma. inaf. it/wiki/steering_group/data MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Hi-GAL status today • 54 of 70 tiles observed and reduced in all 5 bands – Fourth quadrant completed • 5 of 48 Hi-GAL 2 tiles observed and reduced • 2 p-Hi-GAL proposal submitted 2 p Hi-GAL submitted for OT 2 MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Hi-GAL timeline 2009 2010 2011 Herschel’s 858 th day in orbit MW 2011 2012 OT 1: Hi-GAL 2 May 14 th Herschel launch OT 2: 2 p-Hi-GAL ~10 Hi-GAL related papers, +5 in the A&A Special Issue) !!Basically on SDP data only !! October (First) Hi-GAL obs (SDP fields) Massive reprocessing Massive extraction Wiki population PGLS January First regime obs (323, 312, 303, 305) First Hi-GAL 2 obs Summer 2012 Hi-GAL completion Hi-GAL 2 completion 2 p-Hi-GAL Still open projects: 48 A&A Special Issue MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Hi-GAL products • Hi-GAL provides basically two products: – High quality images – Large (homogeneous) catalogues, of compact sources and filaments MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Data reduction: map production RPE correctioncalibration will improve map quality • Instrumental in HIPE • • Export TOD and continue in IDL/Matlab Mapmaking in Fortran (GLS) Map enhancement in IDL/Matlab All clearly explained in Traficante et al. 2010 MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Compact source detection and extraction • CUTEX, Molinari et al. 2010 • Detection – Based on image 2 nd derivative in 4 directions • Extraction: – 2 D-Multiple Gaussian Fitting on a background • See Schisano’s talk MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

CUTEX example 1’x 1’ M. Pestalozzi, Hi-GAL / OSO, 16 Novmeber 2010

Huge output… 428. 000 sources in the bandmerged catalogue! The catalogue contains: peak and integrated fluxes, sizes at the different wavelengths, an estimate of T, L, M and b for an arbitrary distance of 1 kpc, for almost all sources… preliminar is a key word ; ) MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Distances • Large observational campaign to obtain VLSR of compact objects – APEX for CO and OSO+Medicina+Effelsberg for NH 3 • Exploitation of existing CO data cubes – GRS (first quadrant) and NANTEN (fourth quadrant) • To date: some 30. 000 kinematic distances available, most of them unambiguous! Russeil et al. , 2010 MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Distance database GRS in I quad (36 -47) NANTEN in IV quad (350 -296) MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Galactocentric distributions MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

“Immediate” galactic features Note: kinematic distances calculated from brightest CO spectral feature MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Mass in clumps and mass in gas • Divide the galatocentric distribution into rings • Multiply the number of sources by a Clumpmass-function • Compare total “clump mass” in the observed area with total gas mass in the same area • This should be an indicator of the “clump formation efficiency” MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

, # objects … in figures (preliminary)… M , , Clump mass function: -0. 9 Profile range: ~ <1 – 8% See also talks in Session 5, in particular Lada, Megeath, Menten and Moore, as well as posters by Maiolo (51), Veneziani (75) MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Large samples give trends see poster by Facchini et al. • Take all sources in the 350 -296 range • Select the ones with clear detections at 160, 250, 350 m, basically 17. 000 sources • Complete SED with 70 m and 870 m • Fit SEDs, get masses and luminosities • Plot L/M in galactic radius… MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

And much more… • Filaments – Are they the preferred place for star formation? Talk by Schisano • Diffuse material – Reconstruction of the 3 D structure of the MW, Fractal dimension of the dust, dust properties See talk by Paradis, Traficante, Marshall, poster by Elia (22), Schneider (69), Zhu (33) • Structure of the Galaxy – See talk by Russeil • • Galactic Centre: talk by Bally, Molinari, Longmore Triggered star formation: talks by Zavagno, Morgan Core mass function and IMF: talk by Elia, poster by Olmi (61) And even more in posters: HII regions (Paladini 63), IRDCs (Wilcock 77), Evolved stars (Martinavarro, 92) MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

Thank you! • PI: Sergio Molinari • Steering Group: A. Noriega-Crespo, A. Zavagno, B. Swinyard, J. -P. Bernard, J. Bally, L. Testi, M. Barlow, P. Martin, R. Plume, T. Moore • All consortium members, Co-Is and associates (about 140 people!) • In particular: Lorenzo Piazzo, David Ikhenaode, Alessio Traficante, Luca Calzoletti, Fabiana Faustini, Francesco Piacentini, Paolo Natoli, Marcella Veneziani, Joe Mottram, Delphine Russeil, and all at IFSI Anna, Stefano, Davide, Danae, Kazi, Gemma, Eugenio, Ada, Milena, John MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi

MW 2011, September 19 -23, Rome - Hi-GAL, M. Pestalozzi