Victorian politics becoming modern Britain Key institutions Monarchy

Victorian politics: becoming modern Britain Key institutions: Monarchy (inherited) formalized House of Lords (1º inherited) House of Commons (elected) Tories (Conservatives) Whigs (Liberals) Key concerns: 1820 s-40 s franchise/politics 1850 s-80 s Reform Acts political party system 1890 s-1914 broaden suffrage ‘the Irish question’ Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Roots of arguments for change what spelled success? Continental radicalism (not) Labour radicals (ish) Political challenge Political philosophers Whig challenge yes, but needed a model for change respectable, outside politics …. Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Less respectable radicals: worker’s find their voice Luddites history artisans, not workers history of protest action breaking burning fighting a murder meaning fear demand for rights political Wages of hand-loom weavers Year Weekly pay 1800 27 s. 1815 15 s. 1820 8 s. Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Queen Caroline Question Caroline of Brunswick, the injured Queen of England Why did anyone care? → fuel for radicals and Whigs → signifier of social inequity that favoured of morally devoid upper classes → marker for moral reformers as new citizenship ideal new era of change, with broad, shifting coalitions working for Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

And who would have that vote? In 1820: 516 000 of 21 000 (2. 5%) men property owners members Cof. E mostly English although others participate Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

What does radical change look like? Repeal of Test and Corporations Acts (1828) qualified non-Conformists gained the right to formal politics i. e. Joseph Storrs Fry, Quaker, (Bristol, 1767 -1835) Catholic Emancipation Act (1829) most public offices opened to Catholics Reform Act (1832) Parliamentary reform Regularized franchise rights granted more middle class men voting rights (increased to 7% adults) Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Second Reform Act (1867) Representation of the People Act • replaced Liberal proposal voted down 1866 • gained w. c. support for Conservatives • married artisans, respectable w. c. , male ‘heads of households’ (lodging worth £ 10) • 2. 5 million or 1/3 male adults – many fewer in Ireland • No women Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Swing Riots – not only urban issues There were 1, 976 trials in total. Of the men tried: Sentenced to death 252 Commuted to life transportation 505 644 7 1 over 800 233 Executed Transported 19 Imprisoned Fined Whipped Acquitted/bound Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Witham parish workhouse (2002), 1714 workhouse Birmingham (1860 s)‘archway of tears’ Copyright © 2006

And subsequently Further Liberal Reform: disestablishment of the Cof. E in Ireland (1868) Irish Land Act (1870) Education Act Civil Service Act Military Acts (1871) religious tests ended Oxford and Cambridge (1871) trade unions, secret ballot, reformed judiciary (1870 s) 1880 s: franchise to rural heads of households 5. 6/36 mill election reform; redistribution of seats & 90% elected Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Settler Colonies in North America • • Spanish towns, forts, missions east and west coast of N. America Emily Carr, Mc. Michael Collection • displaced by 17 C French, English, Dutch mariners • permanent colonies in North America • France: Nova Scotia (1604), Quebec (1608) • England: Jamestown (1607), Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) • Netherlands: New Amsterdam (1623) • English take it in 1664, rename it New York • greater levels of self-government than Spanish and Portuguese colonies Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11

European empires and colonies in the Americas c. 1700 12 Copyright © 2006 The

Colombian Exchange: from Americas to Europe • silver changed economies potatoes, corn • tomatoes, beans, cacao, peanuts, squash • tobacco • • disease • observation of new way of life – challenges to ideas/beliefs held Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Colombian Exchange from Europe to Americas wheat, grapevines, sugarcane • cattle, horses, pigs • • new plants • disease Read: Henry Hobhouse Seeds of Change Alfred Crosby Ecological Imperialism Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14

North American Populations Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for

Relations with Indigenous Peoples • organization of North American peoples • Protestant view of land use and industry • increasing number of Europeans • all want land: 150, 000 from England in the 17 C • result: conflict misunderstandings ‘negotiated’ treaties military conflict frequent devastating epidemic disease Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16

The Formation of Multicultural Societies • Gender imbalance Europeans, Afro-Americans male not celibate relationships with native women Casta paintings Attrib. José de Alcíbar, “De Español y Negra, Mulato”, ca. 1760 -1770, Mexico. • Mestizo (mixed) societies formed • people of Spanish and native parentage • descendants of Spaniards and African slaves (“mulattoes”) • descendants of African slaves and natives (“zambos”) Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The Social Hierarchy Race-based hierarchy • Top: peninsulares • Criollos (creoles) • Mestizos, mulattoes, zambos, other combinations of parentage • Bottom: slaves, conquered peoples Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

North American Societies • higher ratio of French, English female migrants than in South America • social stigma attached to relationships with natives, African slaves • fur traders have relationships with North American native women métis Gabriel Dumont (1836 -1906) Red River Rebellion (NW) 1885 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Indentured labourers 20 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for

Impact of early-modern European Empires French and Indian Wars (1754 -63) • expensive, extensive • overlapped with Seven Years’ War (1756 -1763) • conflict in Europe, India • British victory ensured global dominance North American Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

To pay: increased taxation in 1760 s on the British side • tax burden falls to the colonies • Sugar Act (1764) • Stamp Act (1765) • Quartering Act (1765) (Housing British Troops) • Tea Act (1773) Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

The American Revolution Colonies: Britain: • strong central govt. • navy, army • loyalist population • logistic advantage • popular support • support of British rivals • treaty at Peace of Paris, 1783 • imaginative • recognition of American military independence • 1787 US constitution drafted leadership 1776 • political and legal equality for men o property Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.

Swing to the east Losing the American colonies: pride took a hit but Caribbean worth more Geopolitically and fiscally: south pacific south and east Asia Africa 24 Copyright © 2006 The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display.