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Tell the stories of three laureates in 2011 Physiology or Medicine Nobel Prize.

C O N TE N TS 01 Ralph Steinman 02 Bruce A. Beutler 03 Jules A. Hoffmann

01 Ralph Steinman

Personal profile Ralph Steinman earned his bachelor's degree in biology and chemistry from Mc. Gill university. He attended harvard medical school in the United States and received his m. d. in 1968. He has been with Rockefeller university since 1970. He came up with the concept of dendritic cells in 1973, when he was A postdoc in Zweill A. Cohen's lab. Since 1988 he has been professor of immunology at the university and director of its centre for immunology and immune diseases.

Research In 1973, Ralph Steinman discovered a new cell type in exposed tissue (skin) called dendritic cells. He speculated that such cells might be important in the immune system, and went on to test whether dendritic cells could activate immune T cells play a key role in acquired immunity, developing immune memory against a variety of different substances. In cell culture experiments, Steinman showed that the presence of dendritic cells triggered a strong immune response in T cells to the above substances. These findings were initially challenged, but Steinman's subsequent work demonstrated that dendritic cells have a unique ability to activate T cells.

The main achievements 1973 He came up with the concept of dendritic cells 1998 The main achievements 2003 2007 The William curley prize for cancer research The geldner foundation international prize The Albert lasker prize for basic medical research

Nobel Prize The karolinska institute in Sweden has announced that Ralph steinman Shared the 2011 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with Jules a. aufmann and Bruce boytler for "the discovery of dendritic cells and their role in the acquired immune system. " He died of pancreatic cancer on September 30, 2011, before the Nobel committee announced the winners.

02 Bruce A. Beutler

Personal profile Bruce Alan Beutler (born December 29, 1957) is an American immunologist and geneticist. Together with Jules A. Hoffmann, he received one-half of the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for "their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity". Beutler is currently Director of the Center for the Genetics of Host Defense at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, Texas.

Contributions Beutler is best known for his pioneering molecular and genetic studies of inflammation and innate immunity. He was the first to isolate mouse tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), and to demonstrate the inflammatory potential of this cytokine, proving its important role in endotoxin-induced shock. Subsequently, he invented recombinant molecules expressly designed to neutralize TNF, fusing the binding portion of TNF receptor proteins to the heavy chain of an immunoglobulin molecule to force receptor dimerization. These molecules were later used extensively as the drug Etanercept in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, and other forms of inflammation.

Awards Beutler has been elected to numerous honorary academic societies. These include the United States National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine. Beutler is also an Associate Member (foreign associate) of the European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), and a member of the Association of American Physicians, and the American Society for Clinical Investigation.

03 Jules A. Hoffmann

Personal profile Jules A. Hoffmann born 2 August 1941) is a Luxembourg-born French biologist. He currently holds a faculty position at the University of Strasbourg. He is a research director and member of the board of administrators of the National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS) in Strasbourg, France.

Awards 2010 2004 2011 2007 2003

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