Vertebrate Zoology Review Lecture Classification of Organisms and

Vertebrate Zoology Review Lecture: Classification of Organisms and Animal Diversity

Classification of Organisms n Carolus Lineaus (1707 – 1778) n Hierarchy of Organisms 1. Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Super class Class Order Family Genus species 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Classification of Organisms n Carolus Lineaus (1707 – 1778) n Binomial Nomenclature n n Genus (Homo) and species name (sapiens) Italicized Latin names

Classification of Organisms n Showing Relationships n Cladograms (pg 199 W, 205 B in your text) n Outgroup (Ex. A) § group used for comparison § oldest in evolutionary terms n Branches § when a trait arises § branch furthest away from outgroup is evolutionarily the youngest

Cladograms OUTGROUP New Trait

Classification of Organisms n Phylogenetic Trees (included in Diversity Lab) n Shows development from a common ancestor n Shows relative number of species present during different periods of geologic time http: //archive. peabody. yale. edu/exhibits/treeoflife/film_ discovering. html n

Phylogenetic Tree

Animal Diversity n Organization of Animal Complexity n Single Celled – animal like Protozoa n n One cell performs all life functions Multicellular Metazoa n Grades § Cellular – division of labor, loosely associated § Tissue – cells grouped together with common function § Organs – tissues functioning together § Systems – groups of organs.

Animal Diversity n Body Plans n Spherical – a plane through a center point will produce equal or equivalent halves § Rare, but found in some protozoans

Animal Diversity n Body symmetry n Radial – planes passing through a central axis § Hydras, jellyfish,

Animal Diversity n Body Plans n Bilateral – a plane passing through the longitudinal axis § Most animals

Animal Diversity n Body Regions n n n n anterior – head end posterior – tail end dorsal – back ventral – belly medial – midline of the body lateral – to the sides of the body distal –furthest away from the midline proximal – parts nearest the midline

Animal Diversity n Body Cavities-(coelom) space surrounding the gut n acoelomate – no body cavity n pseudocoelomate – the absence of a peritoneum a thin membrane lining the body cavity n eucoelomate – “true” body cavity containing a peritoneum mesoderm peritoneum parenchyma Acoelomate Pseudocoelomate Eucoelomate

Vertebrate Zoology Lecture 1: Chordate Evolution

Chordate Characteristics

Biological Contributions n Endoskeleton n Continuous growth without shedding outer “skin” (molting) n Can grow to a larger size n Provide efficient framework for muscle attachment

Biological Contributions n Perforated pharynx n Originally suspension feeding device n Trait that would lead to true internal gills and jaws

Biological Contributions n Highly differentiated brain n Paired sense organs n Allowed a predatory habit n Led to adaptive radiation

Biological Contributions n Paired appendages n Efficient movement (land, sea, and air) n Led to the evolution of jointed apendages

Characteristics n Bilateral Symmetry n Notochord n Function n Structural support Muscle attachment Evolutionary connections n n Primitive characteristic that led to the cartilaginous skeleton of the shark and the boney skeleton of humans Notochord remnants still seen in early human development and between our vertebrate as adults

Characteristics n Dorsal nerve cord n Function n n Association with the brain Works as part of a central nervous system n Pharyngeal pouches n Function n n Perforation from the pharyngeal cavity to the outside Used for filter feeding

Characteristics n Pharyngeal pouches (continued) n Evolutionary connections n n n In aquatic vertebrates the pockets break through and to form the gills Muscular pump developed to move water over the gills In terrestrial vertebrates the pockets lead to Eustachian tube, middle ear, tonsils, and parathyroid glands

Characteristics n Postanal tail n Function n Motility Mobility Evolutionary connection n n With the addition of fins led to the mobility of fish Vestige in humans (coccyx)

Characteristics n Segmented muscles n Ventral heart n Complete digestive system n Endoskeleton