Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity AP Biology Crosby High

Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity AP Biology Crosby High School

Anatomical Features of Chordates Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Muscular post-anal tail

Invertebrate to Vertebrate Subphylum Urochordata – Tunicates (sea squirts) – Chordates traits in larval stage Subphylum Cephalochordata – Lancelets – Sand dwelling suspension feeders

Vertebrates Neural crest forms part of skeleton Axial and Appendicular skeleton Endoskeleton growth Closed circulatory system w/ ventral chambered heart Diversity – Gnathostomes – Tetrapods – Amniotes

Jawless Vertebrates Class Myxini (most primitive) – Hagfish – Cartilage – Notochord attaches muscles Class Cephalaspidomorph – Lamprey – Feed on blood of fish – Notochord has cartilaginous pipe

Fish Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous Fish – Water flow through swimming or muscular contractions – Large suspension feeders – Most are carnivorous – Good eyesight and nostril cups – Lateral line system – Fertilization

Fish Class Osteichtyes – Operculum – Swim Bladder – Ray-finned fish – Lobe-finned fish Muscular pectoral and pelvic fins extend from skeleton Coelocanths – Lungfish Gills and lungs

Class Amphibia Orders – Urodela (Salamander) Swagger when they walk – Anurans (frogs) – Apodans Legless and nearly blind Rely on moist skin for gas exchange External Fertilization

Amniotic Egg Contains a shell that retains water Birds: calcareous (Ca. CO 3) Reptiles: leathery and flexible Mammals: Placental sac

Reptiles Waterproof keratin scales Lungs Cold-blooded (ectotherms) Modern Reptiles – Testudines (turtles) – Squamata (lizards and snakes) – Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators)

Birds Honeycombed bones Loss of organs No teeth Highly developed visual and motor areas Eggs brooded Modern Birds – Ratites – Passeriformes

Mammals Mammary glands Hair Endothermic w/ active metabolism Diaphragm ventilates lungs Larger brains Inner ear Eutherians and Marsupials form placenta

Types of Mammals Monotremes (Egglaying) Marsupials (pouch) Eutherian (Placental) – – – Afrotheria Edentata Chiroptera Lagomorph Rodentia Primates Eutherians – – – Core insectovores Artiodactyls Perissdactyl Cetaceans carnivora

Primates Grasping hands and feet Large brains and short jaws Flat nails and fingerprints Opposable thumbs Modern primates – Prosimians (premonkeys, lemurs) – Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, humans)

Humans Differ in Major Features Brain size increased Jaw shape decreased Bipedal posture Reduced size difference in sexes Key changes in family structure

Hominids Australopithecines – Australopithicus africanus – Australopithicus afarensis Homo – Homo habilis Fashioned tools Less prognathic jaw and larger brain – Homo erectus Taller w/ larger brain Gave rise to Neanderthals

Inner Ear Development

Wing Design

Structure of the Egg

Frog Life

Coelocanth

Fish Anatomy

Chondricthyes

Lamprey

Hagfish

Diversity

Neural Crest

Vertebrate Evolution

Chordate Characteristics