Vertebrate Animals Bio I DOMAIN Eukarya KINGDOM Animalia

Vertebrate Animals Bio I DOMAIN- Eukarya KINGDOM- Animalia PHYLUM- Chordata � SUBPHYLUM- Vertebrata � CLASS- 7 different � ORDERS- 10 Placental mammals

Characteristics of all Vertebrates Backbone Endoskeleton Distinct Skull Bilateral Symmetry Closed Circulatory System & chambered heart

Types of Egg Layers Ovoviviparous = eggs are fertilized inside the parent and hatch inside the parent and are born live Oviparous = eggs are laid in a nest or in the ground and hatch Viviparous = internal fertilization with live born young (as soon as the egg is fertilized, it becomes an embryo and develops as a fetus).

Class Agnatha Hagfish and lampreys - Jawless & finless Skeleton of cartilage Reproduce sexually Gills Oviparous Hagfish – a detritivore - Lamprey – an ectoparasite

Class Chondrichthyes Ex. Sharks and rays - Endoskeleton made of cartilage - Paired fins - Jaws - Lateral line system (for sensing vibrations in water—like an “ear”) - Scales - Oviparous, Ovoviviparous, or Viviparous—depends on species

Class Osteichthyes Tuna, perch, bass, clown fish, eels, seahorses, goldfish, catfish, etc…. * One of the most successful groups on Earth – ever! - Endoskeleton made of bones - Swim bladder - Usually, external fertilization & oviparous (think caviar) - Lateral line system - Scales different from those in sharks

Class Amphibia Frogs, toads, salamanders, and newts - Ectotherms - Need H 2 O for breeding - Metamorphosis (tadpole frog) - Gas exchange through moist skin & mouth; primitive balloon-like lungs - External fertilization - Oviparous - 3 -chambered heart - Many have chromatophores in the skin for coloration, as well as poison glands for defense

Class Reptilia turtles, snakes & lizards, crocodiles - Ectotherms – bask and hide to regulate temperature* - Scaly, waterproof skin - Respire through lungs only** - Internal fertilization - Oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous (depending on species) 3 or 4 chambered heart - Nitrogenous waste is a paste rather than a liquid for water conservation; uric acid - - Extinct reptiles include dinosaurs and pterosaurs, which dominated the Earth during the Triassic period

Class Aves Birds - Endothermic - Internal fertilization - Oviparous - Beaks and claws modified for specific niche - Classified as reptiles by many taxonomists - Digestive system modified for diet, including crop & gizzard

Aves modifications for flight: -Only organism with feathers (modified scales) for flight and insulation -Hollow bones - make bird lightweight -Front limbs modified into wings -Air sacs to aid in breathing at high altitudes -Unique muscle tissue for sustained, intense use

Class Mammalia Humans, bears, pigs, horses, dogs, cats, whales, elephants, mice, koalas, platypus - Endothermic – hair and layer of fat aid in conserving heat - Hair –aids in insulation - Mammary glands – produce milk to feed offspring - Internal fertilization - 2 species of monotreme; oviparous - Marsupials and placentals are viviparous

Three Categories of Mammals Monotreme- egg laying mammal Marsupials- young develops outside the body in a pouch Placental- young develops in uterus

3 categories of mammals 1. Monotremes - mammals that lay eggs, have hair, and produce milk with mammary glands Ex. Echidna (eh-kid-nuh) and platypus

2. Marsupials - embryo develops in a uterus with a placenta Immature fetus is born into a pouch called a marsupium. All marsupials live in Australia with the exception of the opossum, which can be found in the Americas.

3. Placentals Placental mammals develop in a uterus attached to a placenta until at a comparably advanced stage of development Widespread on earth – found in every major biome, including marine, arctic, and tundra. Many orders of placental mammals. 10 discussed as follows:

Orders of Placental Mammals Rodentia- razor sharp teeth (rats, squirrels) Lagomorpha- fused hind leg bones (rabbits) Chiroptera- flying mammals (bats) Carnivora- eat meat (lions, tigers, wolves) Cetacea- Blow holes to breathe (dolphins, whales) Insectivora- eat insects (moles, shrews, hedgehog) Artiodactyla- even # of toes (cows, sheep, goat, pigs, hippos, camels) Perissodactyla- odd # of toes (horse, zebra, rhino) Proboscidea- trunks (elephants) Primates- opposable thumbs (apes, monkeys, humans)