Vertebrae body corpus extremitas cran convex caud concave

Vertebrae body (corpus) extremitas cran. (convex) & caud. (concave) discus intervertebralis, NO synovial joints ! arch (arcus): 2 x pediculus + lamina DORSAL! – orientation incisura cran. + caud. foramen intervertebrale (for. vertebrale laterale) processes (processus) proc. spinosus, transversus, articularis proc. mamillaris (+cran. artic. ), accessorius

cervical vertebrae mobility body very convex + concave articular surfaces very large - proc. transv. tuberculum dors. + ventr. - for. transversarium? (cervical only)

cervical vertebrae, C 1 – atlas, nodding movement body massa lat. , proc. transv. wing (ala atlantis), no proc. articularis, proc. spinosus tuberculum cran. : deep excavation for condylus occipitalis ventral: excavation: fossa alaris foramina (interspec. diff. ) for. alare fossa alaris for. vertebrale lat. (MED!) canalis vertebralis for. transversarium perforates proc. transv.

cervical vertebrae C 2 – axis, rotatory movement cran. projection: dens axis interspec. diff. : shape of dens fac. articul. cran. proc. spinosus C 6 – tuberculum ventr. lamina ventralis C 7 – caud: attachment of 1 st rib, NO for. transv.

thoracic vertebrae attachment of ribs (small proc. transv. ) - on body: fovea costalis cran. + caud. head of rib - on proc. transv. : fovea costalis proc. transv. tubercle of rib high proc. spinosus

lumbar vertebrae: large proc. transversus interspec. diff. : direction of proc. transv. proc. spinosus: ratio (high) sacral vertebrae: fused to form the sacrum proc. transv. ala ossis sacri (facies auricularis – hip bone) interspec. diff. : position of wing, shape of bone, direction of auricular surface, fusion of procc. spinosi + articul. caudal vertebrae: reduction of processes

- - - ribs prox. : head (caput) body of vertebrae neck (collum) tubercle (tuberculum) proc. transversus directed caudally! R/L? sulcus muscularis (craniolat. : expand thorax during respiration) sulcus costae (vessels + nerv: caudomed. , protected)

sternum - cran. : manubrium - body (corpus) - caud. : proc. xiphoideus interspec. diff. : shape (Eq: crista ventralis sterni)