Verbs Transitive Verbs o o Verbs expressing an

Verbs

Transitive. Verbs o o Verbs expressing an action toward a person or thing Must have a direct object (person or thing) following the verb Direct objects answer what? or whom? Example: n Jane told her students about the guest speaker.

Intransitive Verbs o o o Action verbs not requiring a direct object to complete their action Ignore prepositional phrases and adverbs Example: n Jane taught in the ITV classroom on Tuesdays and Thursdays.

Linking Verbs o Form a link to words (complements) that rename or describe the subject o Linking verbs: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, feels, appears, tastes, seems, sounds, looks, smells o Examples: Jane feels tired. Jane was my teacher. The teacher is she.

Helping Verbs o Added to main verbs to form verb phrases o Helping verbs: am, is, are, was, were, being, been, have, had, do, did, does, can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, etc. o Examples: Jane is feeling tired. Jane may grade many papers tonight.

Verb Voices: Active vs. Passive o Active n n Action of sentence is completed by the subject Example: The suspect hit the officer. o Passive n n n Action of sentence is directed toward subject Hint: Always require a helping verb (are, was, were, etc. ) Example: The officer was hit by the suspect.

Changing Passive to Active o Make the subject the doer of the action n n o Passive: The fingerprinting was done by the intake officer. Active: The intake officer did the fingerprinting. Add a doer of the action n n Passive: The receipts were totaled daily. Active: The accountant totaled the receipts daily.

Principal Parts of Verbs o Present o Past o Present participle o Past participle

Present and Past (Regular Verbs) o Present—shows current or habitual action n o Paula and Stephanie submit payroll for our company. Past—formed by adding –d or –ed to present tense n Dave submitted two requests for vacation.

Present Participles (Regular Verbs) o o o Formed by adding –ing to present-tense verb Always preceded by a helping verb (am, is, are, was, were, been) * Examples n Sabrina is submitting her timesheet. n Marian and Bob were submitting their proposal. *Helping verb needed

Past Participles (Regular Verbs) o o o Formed by adding “d” or “t” sound to present tense Always use one or more helping verbs (such as has, have, or had)* Examples n Brenda has submitted the payroll. n The proposals have been submitted for approval. *Helping verb needed

Test Your Mastery Using the sentence provided, rewrite each sentence using the form of the verb indicated. Kevin (study) hard for Business English. Present: Past: Present participle: Past participle:

Test Your Mastery Answers Present: Kevin studies hard for math class. Past: Kevin studied hard for math class. Present participle: Kevin is studying hard for math class. Past participle: Kevin had studied hard for math class.

Irregular Verbs o Form the past tense by changing root vowel and/or adding –en for past participle Present: Today I _____. Past: Yesterday I _____. Past Participle: * In the past I have _____. Present Past Participle* see write go saw wrote went seen written gone *Helping verb needed

Test Your Mastery Correct any verbs in the following sentences. o Bill has began his recruit training. o Stacy has broke the law. o My instructor had gave me some extra time to complete the assignment. o I had chose not to attend the party. o The siren has rang for five minutes.

Test Your Mastery Answers o Bill has begun his recruit training. o Stacy has broken the law. o My instructor had given me some extra time to complete the assignment. o I chose not to attend the party. o The siren has rung for five minutes.

Six Very Confusing Verbs Present Past Participle* Present Participle* sit (rest) set (place) sat set sitting setting lie (rest) lay (place) lay laid lain laid lying laying rise (go up) raise (lift) rose raised risen raised rising raising *Helping verb needed

Transitive Verbs o o o To set, to lay, and to raise—TRANSITIVE Always use a direct object Examples n Mr. Mertz is setting the bricks on the antique chair. n Alphonse laid the corpse in the garage. n The vampire raises his head from his coffin at sunset every day.

Intransitive Verbs o o o To sit, to lie, and to rise—INTRANSITIVE Never use direct object Examples n Mr. Mertz always sits in that chair. n Alphonse is lying around the house in his underwear. n The vampire rose when the victim entered the castle.

Test Your Mastery Select the correct verb to complete the sentence. o The victim was (lying, laying) in the road. o Please (sit, set) the report on the table. o Irene (raised, rose) her hand to show agreement. o (Lay, Lie) the gauze on the victim’s wrist. o Temperatures are (raising, rising) yearly.

Test Your Mastery Answers o The victim was lying in the road. o Please set the report on the table. o Irene raised her hand to show agreement. o Lay the gauze on the victim’s wrist. o Temperatures are rising yearly.

Three Kinds of Verbals o Gerunds o Infinitives o Participles

Gerunds o Verb form ending in –ing and used as noun o Examples n n Exercising is a daily routine for many people. Bob was majoring in computer programming.

Gerunds (Con’t. ) o Make any noun or pronoun modifying a gerund possessive o Examples n n The company was impressed with Bob’s programming. Remember to do your exercising daily.

Infinitives o Present form of verb preceded by “to” o Examples n To err is human; to forgive, divine. n Try to contact the customer as soon as possible.

Infinitives (Con’t. ) o Don’t use “and” for “to” n Poor: Try and contact the customer as soon as possible. n Revised: Try to contact the customer as soon as possible.

Infinitives (Con’t. ) o Don’t split infinitives if awkwardness results n Poor: Betsy wants to, if she has extra money, buy a new laptop. n Revised: Betsy wants to buy a new laptop if she has extra money.

Participles o o Present- and past-participle forms of verbs serving as adjectives that modify nouns or pronouns Noun being modified must follow introductory verbal phrases n Poor: Lying under the car, the newly installed engine was examined. n Revised: Lying under the car, Jon examined the newly installed engine.

Participles o Verbal phrases in other positions must be placed near the word(s) they modify n Poor: The victim stated that the suspect stole a ring from his home, which was appraised for $500. n Revised: The victim stated that the suspect stole a ring appraised for $500 from his home.

Subjunctive Mood o If and wish clauses—Doubtful or contrary —use “were”; Possibly true—use “was” n n o If I were you, I would get some help. If Barry was at the meeting, I didn’t see him. That clauses—Use subjunctive “be” in that clause following commands, recommendations, requests, suggestions, motions, or requirements n Our boss required that all time sheets be submitted by noon.