Verbs Conjugations Infinitives Latin verbs are divided into

Verbs

Conjugations, Infinitives • Latin verbs are divided into 4 groups called “conjugations”. You know which conjugation a verb belongs to by the form of its infinitive. • An infinitive is the form you get in English by putting “to” in front of a verb. • 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th • āre portāre to call -ēre -ere -īre vidēre agere audīre to see to do to here

Principal parts of a verb • The first two principal parts of a verb are: – 1 st person singular; infinitive – Example: amō, amāre 1 st -portō, portāre 2 nd -videō, vidēre 3 rd -agō, agere 4 th -audiō, audīre

VERB ENDINGS • ō/m- subject of the verb is I • s • t • mus • tis • nt subject of the verb is you subject of the verb is he/she/it or a singular noun subject of the verb is we the subject of the verb is y’all (you plural) subject of the verb is they or a plural noun.

Sum, esse • Sum I am • Es you are • Est he is sumus we are estis y’all are sunt they are

VERBS • If the subject of the verb is one of these pronouns, you do not have to use a separate word to express it. It is already contained in the verb. • You only use a pronoun for the subject if there is special emphasis on the subject. If you are emphasizing the subject you would say: • Ego amō I love Nōs amāmus we love • Tū amās you love Vōs amātis y’all love • Is/ea/id amat he she it loves Eī/eae/ea amant they love

VERBS » portāre vidēre agere audīre • I portō videō agō audiō • you portās vidēs agis audīs • he/she/it portat videt agit audit • We portāmus vidēmus agimus audīmus • You-pl portātis vidētis agitis audītis • They portant vident agunt audiunt • Notice that the endings are all the same: ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt, but the vowels that precede the endings are different.

Imperative VERBS • An imperative is a command. Examples in English: Hurry! Run! Sit! Eat your lunch! Read this! – It often, but not always, has an exclamation mark. – The subject “you” is understood, but usually not expressed. – In English we make no distinction between singular imperative (ordering one person to do something) and plural imperative (ordering more than one person to do something)

Imperative VERBS • In Latin, form the singular imperative by removing the –re from the infinitive. • 1 st conj 2 nd conj 3 rd conj. 4 th conj • -ā -ē -e -ī -ite -īte • To form the plural imperatives (ordering more than one person do something), add –te to the singular imperative, except 3 rd conjugation becomes –ite • -āte -ēte

Imperative • Portā! • Vidē! • Age! • Audī! • Portāte! -Carry! Vidēte! -See! Agite! -Do (it)! Audīte! Hear! Listen!

Imperative – SINGULAR – Portā! (Carry! Singular) – Vidē! (See! Singular) – Age! (Do (it)! Singular) – Audī (Hear/listen! Singular) PLURAL Portāte! (Carry! Plural) Vidēte (See! Plural) Agite (Do (it)! Plural) Audīte (Hear/listen! Pl. )

VOCATIVE NOUNS • Vocative nouns are used when you are addressing someone. They are often, but not always, names, or expressions that take the place of names. In English, we say: “Hello, Julius”. “Marcus, sit down!” • The Vocative form is just like the nominative, except for 2 nd declension masculine nouns that end in –us or –ius. • -us becomes e ius becomes ī • In Latin we say: “Salvē, Marce” “Valē, Julī”

Vocative Nouns • The Vocative form is just like the nominative, except for 2 nd declension masculine nouns that end in –us or –ius. • -us becomes e ius becomes ī • In Latin we say: “Salvē, Marce” “Valē, Julī”