VERBS AND TENSES Aspects By Kristina Yegoryan VERBS

VERBS AND TENSES (Aspects) By: Kristina Yegoryan

VERBS Verb is a part of speech that shows: Ø ACTION Ø STATE OF BEING (NON-ACTION) State of being –be Feelings - love Senses - see Mental activity or state- recognize Verb is also one of the heroes of a sentence- NO Sentence can exist without a verb!

VERBS CAN BE: MAIN AND AUXILIARY MAIN Verbs are the verbs that can stand on their own in sentences and they directly tells what the subject does. Main verbs are also called lexical verbs. They can be in present or past tense forms. Examples: cook, love, see, eat, , go, etc. MAIN VERBS CAN BE: • TRANSITIVE, INTRANSITIVE, LINKING • REGULAR AND IRREGULAR ________________________________ AUXILIARY Verbs also called helping verbs can NOT stand Alone in a sentence and are used with another verb (the main verb) They stand BEFORE the Main Verb: Auxiliary + Main Verb AUXILIARY VERBS CAN BE: • MODAL • PRIMARY WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT VERB TYPES?

AUXILARIES

WHAT IS AN AUXILIARY? Auxiliaries are verbs that are used with other verbs to make meaningful sentences. They are also called helping verbs. Here are some examples: be will, do, may, can, has, have etc.

AUXILIARIES / HELPING VERBS Are used with the main verb to: • Express Time (form a verb tense) Ex. I have seen that movie! • Form a Question ( All questions start with Aux or Modal verbs) Ex. Do you agree with me? • Form a Negative Ex. They were not listening.

AUXILIARY: Modal Verbs

VERBS Go, Be, Do, Run Have, eat, meet PRIMARY AUXILIARY BE HAVE DO Will

ENGLISH PRIMARY AUXILIARIES ARE: • BE ( am, is, are/ was, were) - forms Progressive Tenses (statements, ? s and Negatives) • DO (do, does, did) - is used with Simple Tenses (? s and Negative) • HAVE ( have, has, had) - forms Perfect Tenses (statements, ? s and Negatives) • WILL (will , would) -forms Future Tenses (statements, ? s and Negatives) REMEMBER: Auxiliaries have NO Meaning of their own!

LET’S DO AN ACTIVITY • Read the story and find the Auxiliaries ( Helping Verbs) that are used to for a specific Verb Tense Form.

FIND AUXILIARIES For many years the scientists have tried to duplicate a living object. They were trying different scientific experiments and were doing various researches. It was 1997 that the scientists could finally triumph with the first scientifically created life. They did a clone of a sheep. So, in 1997 in Britain a sheep was cloned and was named Dolly was the identical copy of the “real” sheep. What did the scientists do? The scientists placed 277 eggs out of which 29 eggs only developed to embryos, and only one resulted in a live birth. It was the first successful clone of an animal. They did an amazing work; the invention has become one of the important achievements in the scientific world. Dolly, the cloned sheep, received worldwide attention but since then people have started to worry if scientists will clone humans too. Is it possible to clone people too? Will cloning on day be more preferable than having babies naturally? The questions of cloning became a very hot topic, and people today are eagerly discussing the advantages and the disadvantages of cloning.

Verb tense is used to designate when an action takes place in time. Verb tenses are formed with the help of PRIMARY Auxiliaries. There are four main categories of tense: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive which can have their present, past, future, and past future form to express different time relationships.

VERBS TENSES 4 x 4 = 16 PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PROGRESSIVE FUTURE PERFECT PAST FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

q. PRESENT q. PAST q. FUTURE q. PAST FUTURE SIMPLE Aux: DO (Only for ? and Negative)

PROGRESSIVE Aux: BE o PRESENT o PAST o FUTURE o PAST FUTURE

PERFECT Aux: HAVE Ø PRESENT Ø PAST Ø FUTURE Ø PAST FUTURE

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Aux: HAVE BEEN • PRESENT • PAST • FUTURE • PAST FUTURE

TENSE OR ASPECT? The New Approach Starting 2011 new linguistic books claim that there are only 2 tenses: present and past all the rest are called Aspects. The reason behind this new approach is that the statements (declarative sentences) of all the other tenses are formed with the help of AUXILARY except the PRESENT Simple and the PAST Simple.

DIVERSITY IN VERB TENSES Two or more tenses together in a sentence 1. Present Simple & Present Progressive (Present Life vs Present Moment Action or Non Action) 2. Past Simple & Past Progressive with time Clauses WHEN, WHILE, BEFORE, AFTER 3. Present Future & Present Simple with time Clauses IF, WHEN, AFTER, BEFORE, AS SOON AS