VERBAL CATEGORIES THE ENGLISH VERB IS INFLECTED FOR
VERBAL CATEGORIES
THE ENGLISH VERB IS INFLECTED FOR PERSON, NUMBER, TENSE, ASPECT, MOOD AND VOICE
THE ARABIC VERB, ON THE OTHER HAND, HAS THE FOLLOWING CATEGORIES: 1. PERSON: 1 ST, 2 ND, 3 RD 2. NUMBER: SINGULAR, DUAL, PLURAL 3. GENDER: MASCULINE, FEMININE 4. TENSE: PRESENT ("IMPERFECT"), PAST ('PERFECT") 5. ASPECT: PERFECTIVE, IMPERFECTIVE 6. MOOD: INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE, JUSSIVE 7. VOICE: ACTIVE, PASSIVE
(A) PERSON, NUMBER AND GENDER (I) ENGLISH 1. ENGLISH VERBS ARE INFLECTED FOR PERSON. 2. THE ONLY INFLECTIONAL SUFFIX FOR PERSON IS THE -S 3 RD PERSON SINGULAR IN THE PRESENT TENSE, E. G. , WE SWIM. HE SWIMS. 3. FOR PLURAL NUMBER, THE SUFFIX IS ZERO.
(II) ARABIC 1. ARABIC VERBS ARE INFLECTED FOR PERSON, NUMBER AND GENDER. 2. IN THE IMPERFECT, PERSON IS MARKED BY PREFIXES: WHILE NUMBER AND GENDER BY SUFFIXES: / ﺗﺬﻫ / ﻧﺬﻫ / ﺍﺫﻫ ﺗﺬﻫﺒﺎﻥ / ﻳﺬﻫﺒﺎﻥ / ﺗﺬﻫﺒﻦ / ﻳﺬﻫﺒﻦ / ﺗﺬﻫﺒﻮﻥ / ﻳﺬﻫﺒﻮﻥ
CONTRAST FIRST: THE CLASSIFICATION OF ARABIC VERBS INTO EITHER BASIC OR DERIVED IS BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES, WHEREAS THE CLASSIFICATION OF ENGLISH VERBS INTO EITHER AUXILIARY OR MAIN IS BASED ON SYNTACTIC PRINCIPLES.
SECOND: ARABIC VERBS ARE INFLECTED FOR GENDER, WHEREAS ENGLISH VERBS ARE NOT. THIRD: ARABIC VERBS ARE INFLECTED FOR DUAL NUMBER, WHEREAS ENGLISH VERBS ARE NOT.
THE VERBAL CATEGORY OF MOOD IN ENGLISH
THE CATEGORY OF MOOD EXPRESSES THE SPEAKER'S ATTITUDE TOWARD THE EVENT IDENTIFIED IN THE UTTERANCE. THE VERB MOODS DISTINGUISH DIFFERENT ATTITUDES SUCH AS: FACT, POSSIBILITY NECESSITY, AND HYPOTHESIS.
ENGLISH VERBS HAVE TWO MARKED MOODS BESIDES THE UNMARKED INDICATIVE MOOD: SUBJUNCTIVE AND IMPERATIVE. THE USE OF THE FORMER IS LIMITED TO FORMAL STYLE.
THE ENGLISH SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD HAS TWO FORMS: PRESENT AND PAST. THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE IS REALIZED BY THE BASE FORM OF THE VERB AND HAS TWO USES: "MANDATIVE" AND "FORMULAIC".
MANDATIVE I INSIST THAT THE COMMITTEE MAKE ITS DECISION TODAY. I RECOMMEND THAT ALI BE THE MANAGER. IT IS ESSENTIAL THAT SHE LEAVE EARLY.
FORMULAIC: LONG LIVE THE KING GOD SAVE THE QUEEN SUFFICE IT TO SAY THAT WE WON
THE SUBJUNCTIVE LACKS THE -S SUFFIX THAT APPEARS ON THE 3 RD PERSON SINGULAR VERB.
THE PAST SUBJUNCTIVE, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS REALIZED BY THE PAST FORM OF BE, NAMELY WERE. • IF I WERE RICH, I WOULD BUILD A HOSPITAL. • IF I WERE TO BUY A BOAT, I WOULD BE HAPPY.
IMPERATIVE MOOD A VERB IN THE IMPERATIVE MOOD EXPRESSES COMMANDS. ITS FORM IS THE UNINFLECTED BASE OF THE VERB, E. G. , GO OUT.
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