VERB RECOGNITION PERSONAL ENDINGS ACTIVE m s t

VERB RECOGNITION

PERSONAL ENDINGS ACTIVE -ō/m -s -t -mus -tis -nt PASSIVE/DEPONENT -or/r -ris -tur -minī -ntur IMPERATIVE: -[zero] -te IMPERATIVE: -re -minī

THEME VOWELS - A • -ā (swallowed by `ō’, shortened by `nt’, final `m’, final `t’, or final `r’) – present tense of –āre verbs: e. g. clāmant, they shout – (after `b’) imperfect: e. g. laudābāminī, you (pr. ) were being praised – (after `er’) imperfect of sum, pluperfect of any verb: e. g. laudāverant, they had praised – present subjunctive of –ēre, -ere and -īre verbs: e. g. videātur, is/may be seen; regātur, is/may be ruled; audiātur, is/may be heard – (in –am/-ar) `I’ form of future of -ere and -īre verbs: e. g. loquar, I will speak

THEME VOWELS - E • -ē/e (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ , final `t’ or final `r’ ) – present tense of –ēre verbs: e. g. vidēris, you (sing. ) are seen – present subjunctive of –āre verbs: e. g. pulsēmur, we are/may be seen – (after vowel plus `r’) imperfect subjunctive: e. g. habēret, he/she had /might have [i. e. infinitive plus personal endings] – (after -iss- ) pluperfect subjunctive: e. g. dīxisset, he/she had said [i. e. perfect infinitive plus personal endings] – future tense of –ere and –īre verbs: e. g. dīcet, he/she will say; loquēris, you will speak; audient, they will listen – (only if short before passive/dep. ending –ris) present of –ere verb: loqueris, you (sing. ) speak e. g.

THEME VOWELS - I • -ī/i (never long before `ō’ or -nt, final `m’ or final `t’) – present tense of –īre verbs and (with a short `i’ all the time) ere verbs like regō, capiō: e. g. contendit, hastens; interficimus, we kill of – – (after a perfect stem) perfect tense: e. g. amāvit, he/she loved, vīdimus, we saw – (after `b’) future tense of - āre and -ēre verbs: e. g. ambulābimus, we will walk – present subjunctive of sum, possum, volō, nōlō, mālō: e. g. velim, I would like; timeō nē in perīculō sīmus, I’m afraid we may be in danger – (after `er’) future tense of sum, future perfect or perfect subjunctive of all verbs: e. g. cucurrerint, they will have run / they have run

THEME VOWELS -U • -u (usually only before `nt’) – present tense of –ere and –īre verbs: reguntur, they are ruled; audiunt, they hear – (after `b’) future tense of 1 st or 2 nd. Conj. e. g. amābunt – (with `er’) future tense of sum: e. g. erunt, they will be – (after `ēr’) perfect tense: e. g. aedificāvērunt, they have built

SPECIAL ENDINGS TO REMEMBER SEPARATELY • -istī, -istis: singular and plural `you’ in perfect tense: – • -ī: `I’ in perfect tense or (with present stem base) passive infinitive: – – • Cantā, Sing! Curre, Run! theme vowel plus –te: plural imperative – • Sciō eum opus perfēcisse, I know he has finished the work theme vowel without ending: singular imperative – • Nōlunt spectārī, They don’t want to be watched perfect base plus -isse: perfect infinitive – • Volunt abīre, They want to go away Loquere Speak! OR You (sing. ) are speaking. theme vowel plus –rī: passive infinitive – • Eam invēnī, I’ve found her Urbs defendī nōn potest, The city cannot be defended theme vowel plus -re: infinitive or passive/deponent singular imperative/indicative – – • Cūr mē relīquistī, Why have you left me? Cantāte, Sing! Currite, Run! theme vowel plus –bor; `I’ form of future (passive/deponent) – Docēbor, I will be taught

capiunt

capiunt • -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject

capiunt • -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject • -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present tense

capiunt • -`nt’ , so `they’ or plural noun subject • -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present tense They capture

loquiminī

loquiminī • -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent

loquiminī • -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent • -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative

loquiminī • -minī, so you (plural) passive/deponent • -i- not preceded by perfect base or by `b’, so present tense or imperative you (plural) speak Speak!

currēbat

currēbat • -t, so he/she or singular noun subject

currēbat • -t, so he/she or singular noun subject • -ba-, so imperfect

currēbat • -t, so he/she or singular noun subject • -ba-, so imperfect He/she was running

faciēmus

faciēmus • -mus, so `we’

faciēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere), so future

faciēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -e- with an –ere verb (faciō, facere) f, so future We will do

dēfenduntur

dēfenduntur • -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent

dēfenduntur • -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent • -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present

dēfenduntur • -ntur, so `they’ or plural noun subject and passive/deponent • -u- not preceded by `er’ or `b’, so present (they) are defended

vidēbāris

vidēbāris • -ris, so you (sing. ), passive/deponent

vidēbāris • -ris, so you (sing. ), passive/deponent • -bā- so imperfect

vidēbāris • -ris, so you (sing. ), passive/deponent • -bā- so imperfect You were being seen

laudāverant

laudāverant • -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject

laudāverant • -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject • -era- after perfect base so pluperfect

laudāverant • -nt, so `they’, or plural noun subject • -era- after perfect base so pluperfect (they) had praised

sequere

sequere • -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative or indicative 2 nd. person singular

sequere • -re after a theme vowel on a deponent verb, so singular imperative or indicative 2 nd. person singular Follow! OR You (sing. ) are following

aedificāverimus

aedificāverimus • -mus, so `we’

aedificāverimus • -mus, so `we’ • -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense originally had a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but this had become short in ordinary speech by the 1 st cent. B. C. However, the vowel could be either short or long in poetry)

aedificāverimus • -mus, so `we’ • -eri- after perfect base so future perfect or perfect subjunctive (the latter tense has a long `i’ in prose wherever possible but may be short or long in poetry) We will have built OR We have built

currerēmus

currerēmus • -mus, so `we’

currerēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive

currerēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -erē- (infinitive ending from currere), so imperfect subjunctive We were running/might run etc.

cōnābor

cōnābor • -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent

cōnābor • -bor, `I’-form future passive/deponent I will try

dēfendī • -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities?

dēfendī • -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities? • EITHER the passive infinitive

dēfendī • -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities? • EITHER the passive infinitive • OR the `I’ form of the perfect

dēfendī • -ī on `dēfend-’, which is both the present stem of an –ere verb and also the perfect base. What are the two possibilities? • EITHER the passive infinitive • OR the `I’ form of the perfect To be defended OR I defended

vēnissēmus

vēnissēmus • -mus, so `we’

vēnissēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -issē- so pluperfect subjunctive

vēnissēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -issē- so pluperfect subjunctive We had come, would have come etc.

audiētis

audiētis • -tis, so you (plr. )

audiētis • -tis, so you (plr. ) • -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future

audiētis • -tis, so you (plr. ) • -ē- on an –īre verb (audiō, audīre), so future You (plr. ) will listen

cantēmus

cantēmus • -mus, so `we’

cantēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive

cantēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -ē- on an –āre verb (cantō, cantāre), so present subjunctive Let us sing!

canēmus

canēmus • -mus, so `we’

canēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, canere), so future

canēmus • -mus, so `we’ • -ē- on an –ere verb (canō, canere), so future We will sing