Vehicles and their specification Vehicles Specification Type eg

Vehicles and their specification

Vehicles Specification • • Type –eg. Honda Activa, Motor cycle, Truck Carriage capacity-eg. 6 seater, 30, 45, 60 Make-Given by manufacturer Model-year of manufacturing or specific code number allotted by manufacturer • Drive- Left hand-USA, Right hand-India

Specification Honda shine sp Bike-TWO wheeler Engine type Single cylinder, 4 Stroke, SI Engine Displacement 124. 73 cc Max. power 10. 30 ps@7500 rpm Max. torque Cooling system 10. 30 NM@5500 rpm Air cooled

Drive type Fuel supply Chain Carburetor Clutch Ignition Wet, multi Digital CDI (Capacitor discharge) Transmission Manual Gearbox Bore Stroke Chassis Front suspension 5 speed 52. 4 mm 57. 8 mm Diamond Telescopic

Speedometer Analog Length Width Height Fuel capacity 2007 mm 762 mm 1085 mm 10. 5 lit Ground clearance 160 mm Kerb weight 120 kg Tyre size Tyre type Wheel size Front brake Rear brake 80/100 -18 tubeless 18 inch drum

Specification Honda shine sp Royal Enfield Bullet KTM 125 Duke STD 350 ABS Bike Engine type Single cylinder, 4 Stroke, SI Engine Single cylinder, 4 Stroke, twins spark Single cylinder, 4 valve, DOHC-Double Over Head Cam Displacement 124. 73 cc 346 cc 124. 7 cc Max. power 10. 30 ps@7500 rpm 20. 07 ps @5250 rpm 14. 5 ps @9250 rpm Max. torque 10. 30 NM@5500 rpm 28 nm @4000 rpm 12 nm @8000 rpm Cooling system Air cooled Liquid cooled Air cooled

Drive type Chain Fuel supply Carburetor Fuel injection Clutch Wet, multi Ignition Digital CDI (Capacitor discharge) Coil ignition NA Transmissio Manual n Gearbox 5 speed Manual 5 speed 6 speed Bore 52. 4 mm 70 mm 58 mm Stroke 57. 8 mm 90 mm 47. 2 mm Chassis Diamond Single downtube Steel trellis trame Front suspension Telescopic

Speedometer Analog Digital Length Width Height Fuel capacity 2007 mm 762 mm 1085 mm 10. 5 lit 2140 mm 810 mm 1120 mm 13. 5 L 1993 mm 789 mm 1083 mm 10. 2 L Ground clearance 160 mm 135 mm 175 mm Kerb weight 120 kg 183 kg 148 Kg Tyre size Tyre type Wheel size Front brake Rear brake 80/100 -18 tubeless 18 inch drum 3. 25 -19 Tube 19 inch Drum drum 110/R-17 Tubeless 17 inch Disc

Specification Maruti Baleno zeta Bike-Four wheeler Engine type Multi cylinder 4 stroke petrol engine Displacement 1197 cc Max. power 83. 1 bhp @6000 rpm Max. torque Cooling system 115 NM@4000 rpm Water cooled

Drive type Fuel supply Gear Multi Point Fuel Injection system Clutch Ignition Wet, multi Digital CDI (Capacitor discharge) Transmission Manual Gearbox Front suspension Rear suspension 5 speed Machperson Strut Torsion beam

Speedometer Analog Length Width Height Fuel capacity 3995 mm 1745 mm 1510 mm 37 lit Ground clearance 170 mm Kerb weight 880 kg Tyre size Tyre type Front brake Rear brake 195/55 R 16 tubeless Disc drum

Truck specification 1. Engine Description- Cummins ISBe 5. 9 180 40 BSIV Common Rail Engine Capacity - 5883 cm 3 Number of Cylinders- 6 Inline Engine Output- 132. 5 k. W @ 2500 r/min Torque- 700 Nm at 1200 - 1700 r/min

2. Clutch Details- Organic Standard & Cushioned Ceramic Optional Engine Clutch Type- Single Plate Dry Friction Type Outside diameter of clutch lining-380 mm Type of Actuation-Push Type (Hydraulic actuated with pneumatic assistance) 3. Gearbox. Model- TATA G 950 6 -speed Type- Synchromesh First Gear Ratio- 9. 36 Number of Gears-6 (Forward) + 1 (Reverse)

4. Rear Axle Model-RA 110 LD Rear Axle Description-Single speed, hypoid gear in pressed steel welded beam with differential carrier housing. Fully floating axle shaft Rear Axle Ratio-6. 14 5. Front Axle Description-Extra Heavy Duty Forged I Beam, Reverse Elliot Type, 3 Nos. (2 Front Axles + 1 Lift Axle), ABS Capacity-7500 KG 6. Electrical specification Battery-12 V X 2 = 24 V X 120 Ah Alternator Capacity-90 A

7. Wheel and Tyres-10 R 20 - 16 PR Wheel Rims Optional I : 7. 50 X 20 Optional II : 7. 50 V X 20 Tubeless Radial Tyre option on Front, Lift Axle & Spare Tyres-295/80 R 22. 5 Wheel Rim-8. 25 X 22. 5 8. Brakes Type-ABS Brake Drum Diameter-410 mm Auxiliary Braking System-Engine Exhaust Brake 9. Steering Description Hydraulic Power Steering

10. Suspension Front Suspension-Parabolic Spring Rear Suspension-Semi-elliptical Leaf Spring Lift Axle-Pneumatic 11. Gross Vehicle Weight-37000 KG Max. Permissible FAW-6000 kg + 6000 kg Max. Permissible RAW-6000 kg + 19000 kg for Pusher Axle, 19000 kg + 6000 kg for Tag Axle

Engine Component 1)Cylinder block or cylinder 2)Cylinder head

Engine Component 3) Piston 4) Piston ring

Engine Component 5)Gudgeon pins 6) Connecting rod

Engine Component 7) Crankshaft 8) Engine bearing

Engine Component 7) Flywheel 8) Spark plug

Engine Component 9) Engine valve 10)Cooling fins

Engine Component 11) Carburetor 12) Crankcase

Engine Component 13) Intake and exhaust manifold

Hybrid vehicles

TYPES OF HYBRID VEHICLES • Series hybrid Vehicle propulsion is by a electric motor only ICE is used for charging the HV battery •

TYPES OF HYBRID VEHICLES • Series-parallel hybrid – These vehicles can operate using the electric motor alone or with Internal Combustion Engine

HYBRID VEHICLE VS REGULAR VEHICLE • Advantages • Better mileage • Improved acceleration (most of the time) • Less dependence on fossil fuels • Lower emissions • Some states provide incentives for driving a hybrid • Disadvantages • Little highway mileage increase • High initial cost • Needs high fuel cost to be worthwhile • Could cost more to repair • Extra maintenance items • Some hybrids need special tires

SOLAR CARS

AN OVERVIEW Ø Powered by sun’s energy Ø Solar array collect the energy from the sun and converts it into usable electrical energy Ø Power trackers convert it into the required voltage Ø Motor controller sends power to the motor Ø Divided into five • • • Driver Controls & Mechanical Systems Electrical System Drive Train Solar Array Body and Chassis

Borealis III Raycing with the Sun - Photo by Colin Burnett

DRIVER CONTROLS & MECHANICAL SYSTEMS Ø Standard features Ø Steering • Precise steering alignment • SUNRUNNER utilized a rack and pinion system that was attached to the steering arms by means of tie rods Ø Brake • Designed to move freely by eliminating brake drag • Hydraulic disc brakes • Regenerative braking

ØSuspension • front suspension- Mac. Phearson struts or double A arms • Mac. Phearson strut requires a large vertical clearance • Double A arms require less vertical clearance, but consist of more components • rear suspension is a trailing arm, similar to that in motor cycles ØWheels • rolling resistance • three or four wheels • wheel designs are similar to those of bicycle tires

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Ø Made up of batteries and power electronics Ø Batteries • • • Lead-Acid Nickel-Metal Hydride (Ni. MH) Nickel-Cadmium (Ni. Cad) Lithium Ion Tesseract uses 512 li-ion batteries

Energy Flow Diagram of a Solar Car

Ø Peak Power Trackers • maximize the power • protect the batteries from being damaged by overcharging • efficiencies above 95% Ø Motor Controllers • decides how much current actually reaches the motor • up to 90% efficient

DRIVE TRAIN Ø Consist of the electric motor and the means to by which the motor's power is transmitted the wheel Ø power generated is less than 5 hp Ø only one wheel in the rear of the car is driven by the electric motor Ø motor types • brushed DC • dual winding DC brushless • induction

Ø Dual-winding DC brushless • used as an electronic transmission Ø Types of transmissions • variable ratio belt drive • hub motor

SOLAR ARRAY Ø made from silicon, by joining an n-type and a ptype semiconductor Ø grouped into space grade and terrestrial grade categories Ø Encapsulation Ø Array Ø SUNRUNNER'S array consisted of 14, 057 razorblade sized, 16% efficient space grade cells.

Solar array

LIMITATIONS • Only 1000 W/m 2 of energy reaches the earth’s surface in an hour of “peak sun” • average solar array configuration spans 8 m² • total amount of energy hitting the solar car during peak sun is 8 KWh/m² • average solar cells are only able to convert 12% to 18% to electricity • the total amount of converted energy available to a car consists of 700 -1500 Watts • three primary areas of energy loss consist of • aerodynamic drag, braking, and rolling resistance

BODY & CHASSIS Ø goals • minimize the aerodynamic drag • maximize the exposure to solar insolation • minimize weight • maximize safety

Ø Body Shapes • • Unified aero body and panel Fixed or tilting, flat panels with a separate driver cab Catamaran shape uniquely designed shape Ø MAIZE & BLUE and SUNRUNNER are catamaran shaped.

Ø Chassis • space frame • welded tube structure to support the loads and the body • body is a lightweight, non-load bearing, composite shell • Semi - monocoque or carbon beam • composite beams and bulkheads to support the loads • integrated into a non-load bearing composite belly pan • monocoque • uses the body structure to support the loads

MATERIALS USED Øcomposite material Øcombination of a filler material sandwiched between layers of a structural material Østructural materials • Carbon fibre, Kevlar and fibre glass Øfiller materials • Honeycomb and foam Øbonded together using epoxy resins

FALLING SHORT Ø characteristics that a commercially viable car • • • extremely reliable comfortable be able to function on its own maintain the required speed amenities such as air conditioning, radio, and power locks and windows Ø Solar cars • Limited seating capacity • Frequent flat tyres • Often was incapable of maintaining highway speeds

THE FUTURE IN THE SHORT TERM Ø terrestrial application of the rovers that NASA uses in space Ø Data collection in a hot, sun rich area Ø Carry-over of expertise • substantial advances to the design of electric vehicles • better motors, better use of batteries, and better motor controller design Ø composite hull car Ø spread the word about the use of harnessing solar power

IN THE LONG RUN Ø Electric car Ø Increase in petroleum prices Ø short distance commutation Ø improvements

Cost Analysis Content Maruti-800 Tata Indica Vista No of cylinder 3 cylinder 4 cylinder Torque 200 NM at 3000 rpm 60 NM at 2500 rpm 40 BHP at 5500 Rpm Water cooled Hyundai Accent 4 cylinder Water cooled 124 NM at 4500 rpm 90 BHP at 5500 Rpm Water cooled 1250 cc 1527 cc Front- Disc Rear-Drum 4 to 5 lakh Front- Disc Rear-Drum 6 to 7 lakh Power and speed Cooling system Cubic capacity 800 cc 75 BHP at 4000 Rpm Types of brake Front- Disc used Rear-Drum cost 2 to 2. 5 lakh