VEGETATIVE AUTONOMOUS NERVOUS SYSTEMA NERVORUM AUTONOMICUM Nervous system

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VEGETATIVE (AUTONOMOUS) NERVOUS SYSTEMA NERVORUM AUTONOMICUM

VEGETATIVE (AUTONOMOUS) NERVOUS SYSTEMA NERVORUM AUTONOMICUM

Nervous system Somatic Sympathetic Vegetative Parasympathetic

Nervous system Somatic Sympathetic Vegetative Parasympathetic

Nervous system central n n brain spinal cord peripheral nreceptor nerve n plexus n

Nervous system central n n brain spinal cord peripheral nreceptor nerve n plexus n ganglion n motor ending n

VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM THIS… z… the part of nervous system, which specializes in adaptational-trophic

VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM THIS… z… the part of nervous system, which specializes in adaptational-trophic function: y exchange of substances y development y growth y homeostasis y blood pressure y psychical and physical activity y ventilation y production of the hormones

VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM – THIS is… z … the part of nervous system, which

VEGETATIVE NERVOUS SYSTEM – THIS is… z … the part of nervous system, which controls the functions of internal organs, vessels and glands and smooth musculature; i. e. , controls the functions of the working organs.

Unity of the divisions of the nervous system z. Functional xcerebral cortex, the centers

Unity of the divisions of the nervous system z. Functional xcerebral cortex, the centers xreflex - united and only mechanism xthe coupling of innervation (flexion extension, acceleration - deceleration) z. Morphological xfunction is achieved through the united and only morphological substratum - the reflex arch xthe transmission of information through the mediators z. Genetic y nervous tube (embryogenesis)

Differences in the vegetative nervous system from the somatic z The presence of their

Differences in the vegetative nervous system from the somatic z The presence of their own sensitive neurons and as a consequence - the local reflex arches z Focality of centers in the head and spinal cord z Mechanisms of the action: Antagonism The united purpose z Presence of numerous ganglions in the peripheral part z “Old” features of structure - gray fibers, ganglions on the periphery, the sensitive neurons in the organs. z It is simpler (its nervous fibers аrе thin, they have nо myelin) z It is situated everywhere in organism z It has another structure of the reflex агсh z It has nо strict segmented structure z Related to the consciousness

Vegetative nervous system

Vegetative nervous system

Differences in the reflex arches b Afferent neurons are located in spinal ganglions and

Differences in the reflex arches b Afferent neurons are located in spinal ganglions and ganglion of the cranial nerves together with afferent neurons of ANS. Also VNS has own sensitive ganglions. They are situated everywhere. b. Intermediate neurons are located in the lateral horns of the spinal cord z Processes of 2 nd neurons leave CNS b Efferent Neurons are located on the periphery in the vegetative ganglions z pre- and postganglionic fibers Local reflex arch (autonomic)

Classification of the ganglions I type: Paravertebral z z II type: Prevertebral z III

Classification of the ganglions I type: Paravertebral z z II type: Prevertebral z III type: Paraorganic Intraorganic

VEGETATIVE GANGLION z It is the organ i neurons, neuroglia, coats, stroma, arteries, veins,

VEGETATIVE GANGLION z It is the organ i neurons, neuroglia, coats, stroma, arteries, veins, nerves, capsules z NEURONS: y cells of I type efferent neurons y cells of II type afferent neurons y neuroglia satellitecells

VEGETATIVE GANGLION Function - transformation of the nerve impulse: y it increases the quantity

VEGETATIVE GANGLION Function - transformation of the nerve impulse: y it increases the quantity of postganglionic fibers, which decreases the rate of conducting nerve impulse y it integrates the reaction of large quantities of organs (integration of their function, the generalized reaction) yphenomenon of multiplication of impulse

Fibers z. Afferent fibers z Efferent fibers: Preganglionic аrе myelinic Postganglionic аrе nonmyelinic

Fibers z. Afferent fibers z Efferent fibers: Preganglionic аrе myelinic Postganglionic аrе nonmyelinic

1 -ramus communicans albus (preganglionar fibres to g. prevertebrale ) 2 -ramus communicans griseus

1 -ramus communicans albus (preganglionar fibres to g. prevertebrale ) 2 -ramus communicans griseus (fibrae postganglionares n. spinalis) Fibers 2 1

Centers of VNS SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS z Common centers for the somatic and vegetative system

Centers of VNS SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS z Common centers for the somatic and vegetative system this is the cortex: pre-, postcentral, superior frontal, occipital gyres and insula

SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS LIMBIC SYSTEM z. This is the complex of structures of the midbrain,

SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS LIMBIC SYSTEM z. This is the complex of structures of the midbrain, intermediate and final brain for the integration of vegetative, somatic and emotional reactions and for the realization of integral reaction for external and internal irritations, which is manifested in the form of specific behavior.

SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS LIMBIC SYSTEM z Amygdaloid nuclei z Thalamus (stria) z Hippocampus z Fornix

SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS LIMBIC SYSTEM z Amygdaloid nuclei z Thalamus (stria) z Hippocampus z Fornix z Septum pellucidum z Mammilary body z Cingulum

SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS z corpus striatum (thermal control, lacrimal and salivary production) z gray tuber

SUPRASEGMENTAL CENTERS z corpus striatum (thermal control, lacrimal and salivary production) z gray tuber (hypothalamohypophyseal system) z substantia grisea z cerebellum (pupil reflex, raising hair of the skin, trophicity of the skin) z reticular formation

SEGMENTAL CENTERS Centers of the sympathetic nervous system Spinal cord thoracolumbar division: C 8,

SEGMENTAL CENTERS Centers of the sympathetic nervous system Spinal cord thoracolumbar division: C 8, Th I– L II (n. intermediolateralis)

Centers of the parasympathetic nervous system z The brain: 1. midbrain: n. accesorius, n.

Centers of the parasympathetic nervous system z The brain: 1. midbrain: n. accesorius, n. medianus 2. pons: n. salivatorius superior; 3. medulla oblongata: n. salivatorius inferior; n. dorsalis n. vagi z The sacral division of spinal cord S 2 -S 4: n. intermediolateralis

LOCAL VEGETATIVE CENTERS 2 - member reflex arch

LOCAL VEGETATIVE CENTERS 2 - member reflex arch

Mechanism of regulation of the vegetative functions: z the first level is in the

Mechanism of regulation of the vegetative functions: z the first level is in the intramural ganglia z the second level – in the ganglia of sympathetic trunk, mesenteric, celiac ganglia ; z third – in the nuclei of spinal cord and brainstem; z fourth – hypothalamus, reticular system, subcortical nuclei, limbic system; z fifth – cortex.

Neurotransmitters: PNSacetylcholine SNS: preganglionicacetylcholine postganglionicnorepinephrine

Neurotransmitters: PNSacetylcholine SNS: preganglionicacetylcholine postganglionicnorepinephrine

z. VEGETATIVE EFFECTS

z. VEGETATIVE EFFECTS

VISCERAL ANALYZER z Interoceptors give information about the events (thirst, hunger, urges and sensations

VISCERAL ANALYZER z Interoceptors give information about the events (thirst, hunger, urges and sensations connected with the sex organs). z All information reaches the highest centers and has an effect on the general health and on the mood.

ROLE OF VNS IN THE UNITED NERVOUS SYSTEM t viscero-visceral reflexes z viscero-somatic reflexes:

ROLE OF VNS IN THE UNITED NERVOUS SYSTEM t viscero-visceral reflexes z viscero-somatic reflexes: “reflected” pain on the skin; increase in the tone of the muscles z somato- visceral reflexes: the irritation of the skin - a change in respiration, palpitation, pallor, reddening, perspiration, tears, fright

z. Referred pain areas of the body. z. The colored depict cutaneous areas to

z. Referred pain areas of the body. z. The colored depict cutaneous areas to which visceral pain is referred

z. In a referred -pain pathway, nerve fibers from an internal organ converge on

z. In a referred -pain pathway, nerve fibers from an internal organ converge on the same neurons in the pain pathway

ROLE OF VNS IN THE UNITED NERVOUS SYSTEM the influence of vegetative centers on

ROLE OF VNS IN THE UNITED NERVOUS SYSTEM the influence of vegetative centers on the organs realizes in three directions: y change in the function of the organ y control of blood flow to the organ (tone of vessels) y adaptive – trophic processes (mastering nutrients)