Vectors Bacteria viruses or liposomes into which DNA

Vectors Bacteria, viruses or liposomes into which DNA can be inserted. These can be used to grow genes, harvest the proteins they code for or deliver them into the body. They can use this to make insulin and human growth hormone etc. Before they had to use animal insulin or collect it from dead bodies and it gave people with diabetes side effects or possible bad reactions In vivo cloning

DNA probes • DNA Probes are used to identify where individual genes are. • Useful for gene mapping • Can tell people if they have a gene for a genetic disease

SNPs- single nucleotide polymerisation • Identifying single base pair variations in DNA. • Can be used to screen for diseases • Create gene maps

A gene map

Gene Markers • Gene Markers make it easier to identify vectors that have taken up the recombinant DNA. • the common ones are CFP Green fluorescent protein which is a gene found in jellyfish which makes them glow green. • Antibiotic resistance.

Microarrays ( DNA chips) these allow scientists to work out what and how much genes are actively being expressed in cells or tissues Size: Type:

• RNA is removed from the cells • Reverse transcriptase is used to turn it in to single stranded DNA. (c. DNA) Each bit has a coloured tag attached. • A microarray containing different single stranded DNA pieces (Probes)attached is prepared. • They are mixed and the probes and c. DNA base pair. (Hybridisation) • The colour indicates the level of gene activity

Gene knockdown and Gene knockout Gene Knockout A way of working out the function of a gene by creating a non functioning one in an organism so you can see its effects. Gene knockdown A way of making the m. RNA non functional

DNA sequencing (sanger method) Finding out the base pair order of a piece of DNA. It relies on creating DNA strands that finish at every base pair then separating them by electrophoresis.

• A primer is added to a single DNA strand. • Polymerase is added and copies a new complement strand. • The free nucleotides used contain 1% altered bases which do not allow the strand to continue. • After electrophoresis the order can be established • DNA sequencing takes a long time.