VACCINATION EARLY LIFE Edward Jenner was born on

VACCINATION

EARLY LIFE • • • Edward Jenner was born on 17 May 1749(6 May Old Style) in Berkeley, as the eighth of nine children. His father was the vicar of Berkeley and so Jenner received a strong basic education. [4] Jenner trained in Chipping Sodbury, South Gloucestershire as an apprentice to Daniel Ludlow, a surgeon, for eight years from the age of 14. In 1770 Jenner went up to surgery and anatomy under the surgeon John Hunter and others at St George's Hospital. William Osler records that Jenner was a student to whom Hunter repeated William Harvey's advice, very famous in medical circles (and characteristically Enlightenment), "Don't think, try". [5] Jenner therefore was early noticed by famous men for advancing the practice and institutions of surgery. Hunter remained in correspondence with him over natural history and proposed him for the Royal Society. Returning to his native countryside by 1773 he became a successful general practitioner and surgeon, practicing in purpose-built premises at Berkeley. Jenner and others formed a medical society in Rodborough, Gloucestershire, meeting to read papers on medical subjects and dine together. Jenner contributed papers on angina. This was the Fleece Medical Society or Gloucestershire Medical Society, so called as it met in the parlor of the Fleece Inn, Rodborough.

• Jenner in the prime of his studies • Born 17 May 1749 Berkeley, Gloucestershire Died 26 January 1823(182301 -26) (aged 73) Berkeley, Gloucestershire Residence Berkeley, Gloucestershire Nationality United Kingdom Fields Microbiology Alma mater St George's, University of London Doctoral advisor John Hunter Known for Smallpox vaccine Edward Anthony Jenner (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was an English scientist who studied his natural surroundings in Berkeley, Gloucestershire.

• Smallpox • Lady Mary Wortley Montagu witnessed the Ottoman Empire practice of variolation during her 1716 -1718 sojourn in Istanbul, where her husband was the British ambassador. She brought the idea back to Britain. Voltaire, a few years later, recorded that 60% of people caught smallpox, with 20% of the population dying of it. In the years following 1770 there were at least six people in England Germany (Sevel, Jensen, Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791) who had successfully tested the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox in humans. [6] For example, Dorset farmer Benjamin Jesty

SMALL POX • On 14 May 1796, Jenner tested his hypothesis by inoculating James Phipps, a young boy of 8 years (the son of Jenner's gardener), with material from the cowpox blisters of the hand of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom, [9] whose hide hangs on the wall of the library at St George's medical school (now in Tooting). Blossom's hide commemorates one of the school's most renowned alumni. Phipps was the 17 th case described in Jenner's first paper on vaccination

• In 1803 in London he became involved with the Jennerian Institution, a society concerned with promoting vaccination to eradicate smallpox. In 1808, with government aid, this society became the National Vaccine Establishment. Jenner became a member of the Medical and Chirurgical Society on its foundation in 1805, and subsequently presented to them a number of papers. This is now the Royal Society of Medicine. In 1806, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish

THE FIRST COMMUNITY VACCINATION • • On Dec. 1 st 1796, Dr. John Clinch, a medical missionary at Trinity, then the second largest settlement in Newfoundland, sent a letter to Dr. Edward Jenner in Gloucestershire. Clinch asked for further information about using cowpox pustule matter as a vaccination against smallpox. Jenner had vaccinated his first subject only 6 months earlier. By June 1800, when Jenner published his famous pamphlet, An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolae Vaccinae, describing his vaccination experiments on 23 subjects, Clinch probably had been vaccinating people in Newfoundland for a year or more. Jenner and Clinch, both born in 1749, had been classmates at Reverend Dr. Washbourn’s school in Cirencester, Gloucestershire, before they went to London together to be pupils of the distinguished surgeon John Hunter. Jenner returned to his home area, but Clinch practised 3 years in Dorset near Poole, the main shipping port for Newfoundland. In 1775 Clinch moved to Newfoundland to practise in Bonavista. After 8 years he moved to Trinity, where he also preached the Anglican sermons on Sundays. Jenner’s nephew, George Jenner, aiming for a similar church –medicine career, very likely began his medical apprenticeship under Clinch at Trinity in 1789

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