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當前的大學生？ v一言難盡？！ v百感交集？！ www. themegallery. com Company Logo

學生學習行為的類型 v. Satisfied（滿足型、成就型） v. Anxious（焦慮型） v. Defensive (防禦型） v. Safe（安全型） v. Hopeless（無助型） www. themegallery. com Company Logo

動機(Motivation) v一種內在驅動力，使之朝著所 期望的目標前進的過程 www. themegallery. com Company Logo

動機的定義與內涵 v Motivation: DEFINITION: From the Latin verb movere (to move, 行動). v 名詞的動機：個人所有力量之總和 v 動詞的動機：提供某人去做某件事的原因 v How respond people to the difficulties, problems, failures, and setbacks they encounter as they pursue long-term goals www. themegallery. com Company Logo

Motivation v Motivation is the activation or energization of goal -oriented behavior. Motivation may be internal or external. www. themegallery. com Company Logo

五因子 作特徵理論 (Richard Hackman 和 Greg Oldham, 1968) v技能多樣性（skill Variety）、 v任務同一性（task Identity）、 v 作重要性（task Significance）、 v自主性（Autonomy）和 v 作反饋（Feedback）。 www. themegallery. com Company Logo

Motivation in education v Direct behavior toward particular goals v Lead to increased effort and energy v Increase initiation of, and persistence in, activities v Enhance cognitive processing v Determine what consequences are reinforcing v Lead to improved performance. www. themegallery. com Company Logo

Intrinsic motivation V. Extrinsic motivation v Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is important, or they feel that what they are learning is significant. v Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him or her (like money or good grades). www. themegallery. com Company Logo

“Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. ” Hellen Keller www. themegallery. com Company Logo

“If I have the belief that I can do it, I shall surely acquire the capacity to do it even if I may not have it at the beginning. ” ~ Mahatma Gandhi ~ www. themegallery. com Company Logo

動機的內涵 v Goals: the extent to which we focus on a goal to learn or as a reflection of ability （目標） v Beliefs about one’s competence v Casual attributions: reasons about why we succeed or fail v Self-efficacy: beliefs about our competence to perform a task （信 念） v Self-worth: a concern with protecting perceptions of our own ability v Learned helplessness: a feeling and belief about the hopelessness in a situation（情感） www. themegallery. com Company Logo

動機的內涵 v動機＝目標×個人信念×情感 www. themegallery. com Company Logo

評估動機的指標 v Choice of tasks （學習科目的選擇） v Effort （努力） v Persistence （堅持） v Achievement （成就表現） www. themegallery. com Company Logo

v 1. To help students develop the motivational beliefs and learning strategies needs for success. v 2. To foster positive attitude -job, career, calling (Seligman) www. themegallery. com Company Logo

v. THINK POSITIVE § Believe in your own effort and capability www. themegallery. com Company Logo

學生可能缺乏tools or skills The tools or skills of v Concentration v Persistence v Volition, goal setting, goal orientation, delay of instant gratification 延緩滿足 v Strategies for acquiring and retaining new information www. themegallery. com Company Logo

學生的問題 1. Procrastination 2. Confidence/Responsibility 3. Learning from Lecture/Text 4. Test Preparation 5. Managing Their Life www. themegallery. com Company Logo

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目標設定與成就目標取向理論的建議 Goal Enhance Performance in Five Major Ways: v Effort （努力） v Duration or Persistence （持續或堅持） v Direction of Attention （專注力） v Strategic Planning （有計畫的策略） v Reference Point （查核點） (Locke & Latham, 1990) www. themegallery. com Company Logo

為何要設定目標？ v The Ideal Self § Goals are about where we want to be. • which goals we set • which goals we value • and which goals we keep working at. § Goals are related to who we WANT TO BE. www. themegallery. com Company Logo

v如何設定目標 v. Bite-Sized Pieces § Break tasks into small, manageable steps v. Go For Goal § Set goals that are challenge but attainable www. themegallery. com Company Logo

個人持什麼信念？ v Who students think they are affects what they want. v Self-Efficacy (whether or not they are capable of achieving a goal) v Things that effect self-efficacy: • • Mastery experiences Vicarious experience (models) Verbal persuasion （目標） Physical situation Albert Bandura www. themegallery. com Company Logo

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期望價值與自我決定理論的建議 v 期望價值 -Expectancy construct reflects individual’s beliefs and judgments his/her capabilities -Values refer to the different beliefs students have about the reasons they might engage in a task www. themegallery. com Company Logo

改變自己的期望、價值 For many students there is a discrepancy between who they are and who they want to become… v …it can be motivating (動機、意願） § if students think they can change. § if they can make connections between the present and the future. v …or devastating （消極、破壞性） § if students don’t think they can change § if they are too focused on the present. www. themegallery. com Company Logo

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v 自我決定理論：從無動機到內在動機 v (Deci & Ryan) vunmotivated extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation www. themegallery. com Company Logo

REGULATORY Amotivation STYLES Intrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation External regulation Introjection Identification Integration Perceived non- Saliance of Ego involvement Conscious Extrinsic Contigency Hierarchial Interest/ Focus on valuing Rewards or Low perceived ASSOCIATED Approval Of activity Synthesis of Enjoyment From Self-endorsement Goals PROCESSES Competence Punishments Inherent Nonrelevance Compliance/ Self or others Of goals Congruence satisfaction Nonintentionality Reactance PERCEIVED LOCUS OF CASUALITY Impersonal External Somewhat External Types of motivation in self-determination theory Reprinted with permission from Ryan & Deci(2000), Academic Press. www. themegallery. com Somewhat Internal Company Logo

一般教學上的方法與設計 v Lectures v Video presentations v Laboratory Exercises v Group work v Interactive software v Field tasks v Research/Term papers v Independent Research projects www. themegallery. com Company Logo

Paul B. Baltes: 成功的人生 v 良好的自尊(a good self-esteem) v 穩固且富彈性的自我(a solid but flexible self) v 對自我潛能有積極信念(positive beliefs in one’s potential) v 有積極與樂觀的未來人生導向( a positive and optimistic orientation toward the future) v 擁有智慧與道德行為(concepts as wisdom and moral behavior) www. themegallery. com Company Logo

LOGO dhhuang@mail. dyu. edu. tw