v v topic sentence supporting details concluding sentence

段落由哪些句子组成 v v 主题句topic sentence 一般出现在句首，是对全 段的概括。也可出现在段末。 扩展句supporting details 对主题句进行举例说明 论证，或进行详细解释。 结尾句 concluding sentence 对主题句的呼应， 中肯切要。 （主题句）Books are our teachers. （扩展句 1） They hand down knowledge from generations to generations. （扩展句 2）They teach us how to do things and how to live a useful life. （结尾句） Therefore, we should read as many books as possible.

列举法 首先摆出一个论点，然后列举一系列的论据对其进行陈述或解释 v v v Some people think that man are superior to woman in many ways. For one thing, many jobs which can easily be done by men can hardly be done by woman. And for another, most of the world famous people are found to be males. Moreover, the whole human society seems to have all along been dominated by men only. Hence, men should enjoy more rights than women. 常用的过渡连接词： to begin with, first, second, also, besides, moreover, finally; one, another, still another

举例法 通过主题句直截了当的提出自己的观点，再举出具体例子加以说明。 v v v Pollution is becoming more and more serious all over the world. For example, the poisonous gas sent off by factories and automobiles has made the air unhealthy for people to breathe. For another example, waste water keeps pouring into rivers and lakes; as a result, many water lives are dying out. Furthermore, everywhere we go today, we can find rubbish carelessly disposed. Pollution is, in fact, threatening our existence. 常用的过渡连接词： for example(instance), one example is, another example is, furthermore, moreover, in addition

因果分析 v v v Every year, earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. 1)Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of vibration. 2)Other damage results from landslides, large ocean waves or major fires which are initiated by the quake. 常用的过渡连接词： because, since, owing to, because of, accordingly, as a result of, to result in, to result from, therefore, consequently, for this reason, to be the cause of, to be due to, to have an effect on,

比较和对比 v v v Cats make better pets than dogs. Dogs are messy and don’t clean up after themselves. They eat too much food, and require too much care. Besides, dogs jump up on people, and knock over furniture. Cats, on the other hand, are clean and tidy. They eat sparingly(节俭地), and take care of themselves. Cats are usually well-mannered pets. 常用的过渡连接词： like, unlike, similarly, in the same way, in the same manner, on the one hand, on the other hand, compared with, in contrast to, on the contrary, even though, however, nevertheless

定义法 用定义法发展的段落包括两个部分。首先是定义句，说明是什么东西。其后 是扩展部分，如：被定义物的来历、性质、特征、原理、用途等。 v v v A teaspoon is a utensil for scooping up and carrying small amounts of something. It has two joint parts: a flat, narrow, tapered handle, by which it is held, and a shallow, oval bowl to dip carry liquid, food or other materials. The handle is about four inches long. It arches slightly upward at the wide end. The shape of the handle allows it to fit easily in the hand when it is correctly held resting across the third finger and grasped between the thumb and first joint of the right hand. When the bowl is level, the handle points upward at a shallow angle. A spoon is usually made of metal or some other hard-wearing, unbreakable material. 常用的过渡连接词： to be defined as, to refer to, the definition of…is, to be used to describe, in a very real sense, in a limited sense