V PHYLUM CHORDATA V PHYLUM CHORDATA cont Derived
- Slides: 40
V. PHYLUM CHORDATA
V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont Derived Characters of Chordates ØNotochord – Flexible rod located between digestive tract & nerve cord ØDorsal Hollow Nerve Cord – Eventually develops into brain and spinal cord ØPharyngeal Slits ØPost-anal Tail Recently divided into 4 groups: ØUrochordata ØCephalochordata ØMixini ØVertebrata
V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont Invertebrate Chordates Lack a true backbone Suspension feeders Closest vertebrate relatives; appear 50 million years prior to vertebrates Urochordata ØTunicates, sea squirts ØSessile as adults Cephalochordata ØLancelets, amphioxus ØBurrow in sand of ocean floor
V. PHYLUM CHORDATA, cont • Myxini Ø Hagfish Ø Part of group known as craniates meaning they show pronounced cephalization Ø Lack jaws, vertebrae, paired appendages Ø Scavengers Ø Used to considered part of sub-phylum Vertebrata Ø Notochord is present lifelong
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA – Subphylum Vertebrata Notochord replaced by vertebrae Pronounced cephalization Neural crest Closed circulatory system with chambered heart
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Lampreys Used to be grouped in class Agnatha with hagfish Lack jaws, paired appendages Mostly freshwater ectoparasites Cartilaginous skeleton
VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fishes Sharks, skates, rays Well-developed jaws; paired fins Ectotherms Continual water flow over gills Lateral line system (water pressure changes) Internal Fertilization
Class Osteichthyes VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Ossified endoskeleton Scales Operculum Swim bladder Ectotherms Two groups ØLobe-finned - Fins supported by rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle; coelocanth; lungfishes ØRay-finned – Most common type; fins supported by long, bony rods arranged in a ray pattern
Class Amphibia CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata VI. PHYLUM First tetrapods, land animals Frogs, toads, salamanders Metamorphosis Ectotherms External fertilization; lack shelled egg Moist skin for gas exchange 2 → 3 chambered heart
Class Reptilia VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Lizards, snakes, turtles, and crocodilians Internal fertilization Amniotes – Eggs have shells, extraembryonic membranes which aid in gas exchange, transfer of nutrients, protection Ectotherms 3 -chambered heart in most; 4 -chambered heart in crocs Scales with keratin
“Class Aves” VI. studies PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Fossil show connection between reptiles and birds; birds now included in Class Reptilia Endothermic 4 -chambered Heart Have many other adaptations for flight
Class Mammalia VI. PHYLUM CHORDATA - Subphylum Vertebrata Mammary glands Hair (keratin) Endothermic 4 -chambered heart Large brains (relative to size) Teeth differentiation Diaphragm Divided into three groups ØMonotremes – Egg-layers; platypus, anteaters ØMarsupials – Embryonic development of young completed in pouch; kangaroos, koalas, opossums ØEutherians – Placental mammals; all other mammals
VII. INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY • Four Types of Tissue v v
VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont • Epithelial Tissue § Covers body and lines organs and cavities § Forms glands § May secrete mucus, be ciliated § Held together by tight junctions § Basement membrane o Anchors one side of epithelium to tissues beneath o Extracellular matrix made up of protein, polysaccharides § Classified according to the number of layers of cells and the shape of the cells
VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont • Connective Tissue § Bind and support other tissues § Consists of cells loosely organized in an extracellular matrix § Matrix is produced and secreted by cells
VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont • Nerve Tissue § Senses stimuli and transmits signals from 1 part of the animal to another § Two main types of cells v Neuron v Glia
VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont • Muscle Tissue § Capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses § Fibers § 3 Types of Muscle Tissue Ø Skeletal Ø Cardiac Ø Smooth
VII. INTRO TO ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY, cont
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION • Fluid that surrounds cells is known as interstitial fluid • Temperature, water concentration, salt concentration, p. H must be kept relatively constant to maintain homeostasis • Maintained through Ø Negative Feedback Ø Positive Feedback
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION, cont
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Thermoregulation • Ectothermic Ø Determined by environment • Endothermic Ø High metabolic rate generates high body heat • Physical processes Ø Metabolism § Sum of all energy-requiring biochemical reactions § Energy measured in Joules, calories, or kilocalories (Calories) § Metabolic rate may be determined by v Monitoring rate of heat loss v Measuring amount of O 2 consumed or CO 2
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Thermoregulation, cont
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Thermoregulation, cont • Physical Processes, cont Ø Conduction § Transfer of heat between objects in direct contact Ø Convection § Transfer of heat by movement of air/liquid past a surface Ø Radiation § Transfer of heat between objects not in direct contact Ø Evaporation § Loss of heat in conversion of liquid to gas
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Thermoregulation, cont. • Adaptations Ø Torpor - Low activity; decrease in metabolic rate § Hibernation § Estivation Ø Brown Fat Ø Insulation Ø Behavioral Responses
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Thermoregulation, cont. • Adaptations, cont Ø Countercurrent Heat Exchangers
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Thermoregulation, cont. • Human Thermoregulation
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Osmoregulation • Management of the body’s water content and solute composition • Animals may be classified as: v. Osmoconformer: Marine invertebrates. Solute concentration in sea equal to that of organism; therefore, no active adjustment of internal osmolarity (marine animals); isoosmotic to environment v. Osmoregulator: Include marine vertebrates, freshwater animals, land animals. Body fluids have solute concentration different from environment. Must expend energy to regulate water loss or gain.
VIII. PHYSIOLOGICAL REGULATION Osmoregulation, cont • Freshwater fishes Ø Higher solute concentration in fish → fish gains water, loses salt → doesn’t drink water, excretes large amounts of dilute urine • Marine fishes Ø Lower solute concentration in fish → fish loses water, gains salt → drinks large amount of saltwater, pumps
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION • Asexual § Budding § Regeneration Ø Fragmentation Ø Fission
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Mechanisms of Reproduction • Parthenogenesi s Ø Unfertilized egg development Ø Typically haploid, sterile adults Ø Daphnia, Rotifers, honeybees
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Mechanisms of Reproduction, cont Hermaphroditism ØBoth male & female reproductive systems ØOccurs in earthworms, other sessile & burrowing organisms
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Mechanisms of Reproduction, cont Sequential hermaphroditism ØReversal of gender during lifetime ØProtogynous female first ØProtandrous – male first
IX. ANIMAL REPRODUCTION Sexual Reproduction • Pheromes Ø Chemical signals released by organism Ø Influences behavior, physiology of organisms of same species Ø Active in minute amounts • Fertilization Ø External Ø Internal
X. HUMAN REPRODUCTION
X. HUMAN REPRODUCTION Gamete Production
X. HUMAN REPRODUCTION Fertilization Ø Head of sperm contains a vesicle known as the acrosome; contains enzymes that help sperm penetrate egg Ø Acrosomal reaction – hydrolytic enzymes act on egg jelly coat Ø Surface proteins on sperm bind with receptor molecules on egg Ø Sperm cell membrane fuses with egg cell membrane Ø Cell membrane of egg depolarizes, becomes impenetrable to sperm to prevent multiple fertilization (polyspermy) Ø Triggers increase in metabolic activity in fertilized egg (including completion of meiosis II)
X. HUMAN REPRODUCTION Embryonic Development
X. HUMAN REPRODUCTION Fetal Development
- Debriefing report
- Cont or cont'd
- Phylum of shark
- Chordata subphylum vertebrata
- Distinguishing characteristics of chordata
- Phylum
- Aves kingdom
- What are chordata
- Chordata subphylum
- Phylum chordata mammalia
- Phylum chordata class reptilia
- Body covering of animals
- Reptiles order
- Phylum cordados
- Characteristics of bony fish
- Amphioxus characteristics
- Animal with notochord
- Subphyla
- Chordata protostome or deuterostome
- Seal phylum
- Phylum chordata class amphibia
- Playtpuses
- Translate
- Pmbo
- Macro level examples
- Cont class
- Adj interrogatif
- Decathlon nc
- Mobile cont
- Contul 301
- Character literals
- 4315 cont
- Cont nn
- Cont 2131
- Ibc cont
- Ejemplos de silabas tonicas y atonas
- Api vs system call
- Address cont d
- Operadores relacionales
- Cont 402
- Four cont