v IJAYANAGAR BAHAMANI EMPIRES VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE Causes for

v. IJAYANAGAR & BAHAMANI EMPIRES

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE

Causes for the emergence What led to the establishment of Vijayanagara Empire ? üContinuous attacks by the Khilji dynasty of the North. üPolitical Instablity in the South. üFear factor. üReligious turmoil. üNeed to protect the interests of the Hindus & Indian Culture.

Origin üHarihara I & Bukka I established the Vijayanagara empire on the banks of Tungabhadra in the year 1336. üHampi was the capital of the empire. Four dynasties of Vijayanagar Sangama Saluva Tuluva Araveedu üEstablishment of Vijayanagara empire is considered as ‘Landmark’ in Indian History.

Harihara I (hakka) üFounder of the Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara. üControl over the valley of Tungabhadra River üExpanded his control to certain regions of Konkan and. Malabar Coast. üCredited with establishing a centralized administrative setup. ü Orderly governance which afforded peace, prosperity, and security.

Bukkaraya (bukka i) üDefeated the Shambuvaraya Kingdom of Arcot and the Reddis of Kondavidu by 1360 and the region around Penukonda was annexed. üBukka defeated the Sultanate of Madurai in 1371 and extended his territory into the south all the way to Rameswaram. üBy 1374 he had gained an upper hand over the Bahmanis for control of the Tungabhadra-Krishna doab. üRestored religious harmony. üConstructed forts, temples & promoted agriculture.

Sri Vidyaranya blesses Harihara and Bukkaraya

Prabhudevaraya (devaraya ii) üWas popularly called ‘Hunter of the Elephants’ & ‘Dakshinapathada Chakravarthi’. üExtended and held territories up to the Krishna river. üConquered areas from Ceylon to Gulbarga, and Orissa to the Malabar. Received royalties from Kerala & Sri lanka. üReligiously tolerant ruler.

krishnadevaraya üThe greatest emperor of the. Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509– 1530. üTackled numerous internal/external problems when he ascended throne. üWas popularly called ‘Kannada Rajya Ramana’, ‘Andhra Bhoja’ & ‘Mooru Rayara Ganda’ üWas the most powerful of all the Hindu rulers of India at that time. üUnparalleled warrior, shrewed commander & political expert.

Krishnadevaraya

Military achievements of Krishnadevaraya üDefetaed Gangaraja of Ummatthur & took over Shivansamudra fort. üAssisted the Portugese against Bijapur Sultans. üConquered Kalinga by defeating Gajapati Prataprudra. üCaptured Raichur fort by defeating Adil Shah. He also seized the forts of Bidar & Gulbarga. üHe freed the Prince of Bahamani Kingdom by defeating its Prime Minister Kasim Bareed.

Krishnadevaraya : other contributions üProvided irrigation facilities for agriculture. üIncreased foreign trade. üHe was patron of art, literature & religions. üHe authored the play ‘Jambavati Kalyana’ in Sanskrit. There were ‘Ashtadiggajas’ in his court. üConstructed Krishna temple, Virupaksha temple & Maharangamantapa at Hampi.

Fall of v. IJAYANAGAR empire Causes for the decline of Vijayanagara Empire: üA despotic government. üWars of succession. üWeak successors of Krishna Deva Raya. üContinuous wars with the neighbouring Bahamani Kingdom. üLack of control over the provincial governors. üMore attention towards the strengthening of army.

Battle of talikota (1565) Deccan Sultanates § § § Ahmadnagar Sultanate Bijapur Sultanate Golkonda Sultanate Berar Sultanate Bidar Sultanate Vijayanagara Empire § Aliya Rama Raya § Venkatadri § Tirumala Deva Raya Aftermath of the war üHampi was left in ruins. üAraveedu dynasty ruled from Penukonda, Chandragiri & Vellore. üEmegence of independent provinicial states. üDomination by the Mughals and Maratahas.

VIJAYANAGAR Empire in India Extent of Vijayanagar Empire Battle of Talikot

v. IJAYANAGAR empire : Administration üHereditary rule. üCentral administration. üThere were different bodies like State Council leader (Nayankar), cillage administrators. Different lvels like State, district, village. üProvinicial officers used to dispense justice/punishments. üThe Gowdas, Karnam & Talwar used to assist in the village administration. Nadagowdas & Pattanswami also used to look after the administration.

v. IJAYANAGAR empire : Society üFour tiered caste system. üOccupation based caste system. üPractices of child-marriage, sati & devadasi were prevalent. üMonogamy as well as Polugamy was in practise. üWomen enjoyed dignified status in the society. üHoli, Dasara & Deepawali were some of the festivals.

v. IJAYANAGAR empire : Economy üLand tax, revenue tax, road tax, market tax, commercial tax, import/export tax were some of the sources of income. üAgriculture – Jowar, Ragi, Paddy, Lentils, Cotton, Sugarcane etc. üFive kinds of Land holdings – Geni, guttige, siddhaya, vara & gadi. üImproved commerce & industry. üSpices, diamonds, sandal etc were exported. üCoins of different denominations were used.

v. IJAYANAGAR empire : Art & architecture üArchitectural style of Chalukyas, Cholas & Hoyasalas. üRough granite stones were used for construction. üVidyashankar temple at Sringeri, Krishna, Virupaksha & Vijaya Vitthala temples at hampi. üKamal Mahal, Elephant stable, Queen’s bath are wonderful examples of Indo-Islamic style. üQualities of grandeur, awe & elegance were features of this architecture. . üVery strong Hampi fort with 7 circular walls around it.

Vijaya Vitthala Temple, Hampi Stone Chariot, Hampi Fort Elephant Stable

Virupaksha Temple, Hampi

v. IJAYANAGAR empire : Music & Dance üVijayanagara kings encouraged fine arts like music, dance, drama & yakshagana. üArtists enjoyed great respect in palaces & temples. üPuranadaradasa & Kanakadasa are greatest Kannada Saints who lived in this period. üCarnataic music thriugh Bhajanas & Keertanas. üDancers performed in temples, palaces & during festivals.

Purandara Das Kanaka Das

BAHAMANI EMPIRE

origin üAla-ud-Din Hassan Gangu Bahman Shah established the Bahamani kingdom in 1347 A. D. üMuhammad Shah I (1358– 1377) was the second ruler who constucted famous Jamia Masjid in Gulbarga. üTaj ud-Din Firuz Shah was one of the famous ruler who built the city of Ferozabad. He was a great scholar who also constructed a planetorium. üTill 1426 A. D. , Gulbarga served as the capital of the kingdom.

Mahmud Gawan üHe was a Prime minister of the Bahamani kingdom. üHe was reponsible for efficient administration of the state & military conquests. üHe captured Konkan, Goa & Belgaum. üInvaded Kanchi & plundered its huge wealth. üWas beheaded on false charges. üHe built the great university in Bidar which is known as Mahmud Gawan Madrasa.

Division of Bahamani Kingdom üAfter the death of Gawan, the kingdom became weak & disintegrated into five parts: Bahamani Kingdom Ahamad Nagar Bijapur Berar Bidar Golkonda Nizam Shahi Adil Shahi Emad Shahi Barid Shahi Kutub Shahi

bahamani Kingdom in India Extent of Bahamani Kingdom Division of Bahamani Kingdom

Ibrahim Adil Shah II üAscended the throne at the age of 9. Ruled for 47 years. üHe tried to create cultural harmony between the Shias and the Sunnis and between Hindus and Muslims through music. üWrote the book Kitab-e-Navras (Book of Nine Rasas) in Dakhani. Bhaka nyari bhava ek kaha turuk kaha barahaman Nouras soor juga joti ani saroguni yusat sarasuti mata ibrahim parasada bhayi dooni

Bahamani Kingdom : Administration üThere were hierarchies in administration. üVarious departments in the administration. üCabinet was called ‘Majis-E-Ilwith’. Sultan was the chief of the central adminitration. üProvinces were divided into Sarkars & Subedar was the head of the Sarkar. üKotwals, Deshmukh, Desai, Kulkarni & patel were some of the administrators in the kingdom. üVillage units were independent units.

Bahamani Kingdom : Administration üAmir-E-Jumla was the head of the revenue department. üHalf or one third of agriculture was collected as Land tax. There were many other taxes collected. üFour types of military troops – Permanent troops, troops recruited during war-time, troops for religious wars & units for protection of Royal family. üBijapur fort was the most formnidable fort. üSultan & Kazi were in charge of Judicial duties.

Bahamani Kingdom : Economy & Society üAgriculture was the main occupation. There were many other minor industries like spinning, oil extractuion, pottery, sculpture etc. üDabhol, Rajapura & Goa were sojme of the ports. Export of Silk, wine, Gold, Silver, Copper, Tin etc. took place. üCoins by the name Honnu, Lorry, Tanka were in use. üUndivided Patriarchal families, rigid caste system, polygamy existed in the society. . üHaridasas & Muslim Sufi saints enriched the music & literature of this era.

Bahamani Kingdom : Education & Architecture üIslam-centric education system. Maktabs & Madrasas were the centres of education. üMahmud Gawan established a huge 3 -storied madrasa in Bidar. It was 242 ft long, 222 ft wide & 56 ft tall. It had a big library with 3000 manuscripts. üSubjects like astronomy, grammar, maths, politics, religion, law, poetry were studied in colleges. üSultans developed Indo-Sarcenic architecture. üGol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Roza, Gagan Mahal were some of the greatest monuments bulit during this time.

Jamia Masjid, Bijapur Jamia Masjid, Gulbarga Gagan Mahal, Bijapur Ibrahim Roza, Bijapur

Bidar Fort Gowan Madrasa, Bidar

Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur