Uttalslra Introduction to phonetics and English phonology Diphthongs

Uttalslära Introduction to phonetics and English phonology

Diphthongs Also known as glides. Two sounds (di- = two, double) Two types of diphthongs: falling where the first sound is more pronounced than the second sound, and rising where the second sound is more pronounced. English has eight diphthongs, all of them falling.

/eı/ as in say Spellings: a, ai, ay, ei, ey Examples raven /'reıvən/ train /treın/ weigh /weı/

/aı/ as in iron Spellings: i, y, ie, ye Examples bite /baıt/ die /daı/ rye /raı/

/ɔı/ as in boy Spellings: oi, oy Examples joint /dʒɔınt/ toy /tɔı/

/aʊ/ as in scout Spellings: ou, ow Examples noun /naʊn/ howl /haʊl/ out /aʊt/

/əʊ||o(ʊ)/ as in boat Spellings: o, oa, oe, ou, ow Examples nose /nəʊz||noʊz/ boat /bəʊt||boʊt/ toe /təʊ||toʊ/ tow /təʊ||toʊ/

/ıə/ as in dear Spellings: e, ea, ee, ie (all before r) Examples here /hıə(r)/ beard /bıə(r)d/ beer /bıə(r)/ pierce /pıə(r)s/

/eə/ as in hair Spellings: a, ae, ai, ey (all before r) Examples hair /heə(r)/ bare /beə(r)/ heir /eə(r)/ bear /beə(r)/

/ʊə/ as in poor (uncommon) Spellings: oo, u (both before r) NB! Only in RP. Is becoming replaced by /ɔ: / Examples jury /dʒʊərı || dʒu: rı/ poor /pʊə || pɔ: r/

Related words — different pronunciations grave /greıv/ gravity /ˈgrævıtı/ nation /ˈneıʃən/ national /ˈnæʃən(ə)l/ type typical /ˈtıpıcəl/ /taıp/ Bible /ˈbaıb(ə)l/ biblical /ˈbıblık(ə)l/ discrete /dıˈskri: t/ discretion /dıˈskreʃən/ compete /kəmˈpi: t/ competitor /kəmˈpetıtə(r)/

Consonants Produced by obstructing the airstream through the oral cavity. Can be voiced or voiceless

Mute consonants Some words are spelled with one or more consonants that are not pronounced. thumb Christmas sigh /θʌm/ /'krısməs/ /saı/

Two ways of describing consonants • The place in the mouth (for instance dentals – produced with the tongue touching the teeth) • The manner of articulation (for instance fricatives – produced by creating friction in the mouth)

Types of consonants in English • Plosives (stops) • Fricatives • Nasals • Affricates • Semi-vowels

The consonants of English 1 Plosives Fricatives Nasals Voiceless /p/ pet /k/ kite /t/ take /f/ fan /s/ so /ʃ/ shore /θ/ thin /h/ hat Voiced /b/ bag /g/ bag /d/ dog /v/ van /z/ zoo /ʒ/ vision /ð/ then /m/ men /n/ men /ŋ/ sing

The consonants of English 2 Affricates Voiceless Voiced /tʃ/ church /dʒ/ judge Semi-vowels /w/ well /j/ yes Lateral /l/ long Frictionless continuant /r/ rose

Plosives Also known as stops. The flow of air is completely blocked and then released all at once. English has six plosives; three voiced and three voiceless.

The English plosives Voiceless /p/ pin /t/ tin /k/ coat Voiced /b/ bin /d/ din /g/ goat

/p/ as in pin, /b/ as in bin “p” is mute in words with pn- and pspsalm /sɑ: m/ pneumonia /nju: 'məʊnıə/ “b” is mute in most words with -mb thumb /θʌm/, climb /klaım/ “b” is also mute in subtle /sʌtl/, doubt /daʊt/

/t/ as in tin, /d/ as in din Pronunciation: the tip of the tongue not touching the teeth “t” is mute in some words with -stlisten /'lısən/ castle /'kɑ: s(ə)l || 'kæs(ə)l/ Christmas /'krısməs/ “d” is mute in a few words handkerchief /'hæŋkərtʃıf/ Wednesday /'wenzdeı/

/k/ as in coat Spellings: k, c, qu king /'kıŋ/ cane /keın/ liquid /'lıkwıd/ quay /ki: / “k” is mute in words with knknight /naıt/ knit /nıt/

/g/ as in goat “g” is mute in words with gn- or -gn: gnat /næt/ reign /reın/ sign /saın/ There also other pronunciations of the letter “g”.

Fricatives The flow of air is partially blocked, to create friction. English has nine fricatives; four voiced and five voiceless.

The English fricatives Voiceless /f/ fan /s/ so /ʃ/ shore /θ/ thin /h/ hat Voiced /v/ van /z/ zoo /ʒ/ vision /ð/ then

/f/ as in fan, /v/ as in van /f/ Spelling: f, ph, gh Phil enough /fıl/ /ı'nʌf/ /v/ Spelling: v Important contrast between /v/ and /w/ ! Note: of /ɒv||ʌv/

/s/ as in so Spellings: c, ss, sc, s-, sometimes -s cease advice miss sing /si: s/ /əd'vaıs/ /mıs/ /sıŋ/

/z/ as in zoo Spellings: z, sometimes s seize keys has is /si: z/ /ki: z/ /hæz/ /iz/

/s/ versus /z/ decision hiss sink niece /dıˈsıʒən/ /hıs/ /sıŋk/ /ni: s/ position his zinc knees /pəˈzıʃən/ /hız/ /zıŋk/ /ni: z/ Slightly longer vowel sound before a voiced consonant!

/ʃ/ as in shore Spellings: sh, -ti-, -ci-, -si-, sometimes ch machine Asia ancient Charlotte /mə'ʃi: n/ /'eıʃə/ /'eınʃənt/ /'ʃɑ: (r)lət/

/ʒ/ as in pleasure Spellings: -su-, -sion (preceded by a vowel), -ge treasure television prestige /'treʒə/ /'teləvıʒən/ /prə'sti: ʒ/

/θ/ as in thin Spelling: th faith Thursday thin cathedral /feıθ/ /'θɜ: (r)zdeı/ /θın/ /kə'θi: drəl/

/ð/ as in then Spelling: th Important to know when to use /ð/ and when to use /θ/! then brother breathe /ðen/ /'brʌðə(r)/ /bri: ð/ (but: breath /breθ/ )

/h/ as in hat “h” is mute in some words vehicle shepherd Birmingham heir /vi: ıkl/ /'ʃepəd/ /'bɜ: (r)mıŋəm/ /eə(r)/

Thank you for listening!