Using UML Patterns and Java ObjectOriented Software Engineering

Using UML, Patterns, and Java Object-Oriented Software Engineering Configuration Management

Outline ¨ Purpose of Software Configuration Management (SCM) w Motivation: Why SCM? w Definition: What is SCM? w Activities and roles in SCM ¨ Some Terminology w Configuration Item, Baseline, SCM Directory, Version, Revision, Release ¨ SCM Activities w Promotion Management, Release Management, Change Management ¨ Configuration Management Tools Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 2

Why Software Configuration Management ? ¨ The problem: w Multiple people have to work on software that is changing w More than one version of the software has to be supported: t t t Released systems Custom configured systems (different functionality) System(s) under development w Software must run on different machines and operating systems í Need for coordination ¨ Software Configuration Management w manages evolving software systems w controls the costs involved in making changes to a system Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 3

What is Software Configuration Management? ¨ Definition: w A set of management disciplines within the software engineering process to develop a baseline. ¨ Description: w SCM encompasses the disciplines and techniques of initiating, evaluating and controlling change to software products during and after the software engineering process. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 4

Managing Software Configurations ¨ SCM is a project function with the goal to make technical and managerial activities more effective. ¨ SCM can be staffed in several ways: w A single team performs all SCM activities for the whole organization w A separate SCM team is set up for each project w All the SCM activities are performed by the developers themselves w Mixture of all of the above Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 5

Configuration Management Activities ¨ Configuration item identification w modeling of the system as a set of evolving components ¨ Promotion management w the creation of versions for other developers ¨ Release management w the creation of versions for the clients and users ¨ Change management w the handling, approval and tracking of change requests ¨ Branch management w the management of concurrent development efforts ¨ Variant management w the management of versions intended to coexist Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 6

¨ NO FIXED RULES: w SCM activities are usually performed in different ways (formally, informally) w depending on the project type and life-cycle phase (research, development, maintenance). Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 7

Terminology ¨ We will define the following terms: w Configuration Item w Baseline w SCM Directories w Version w Revision w Release í The definition of the terms follows the IEEE standard. í Different configuration management systems may use different terms. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 8

Terminology: Configuration Item (CI) “An aggregation of hardware, software, or both, that is designated for configuration management and treated as a single entity in the configuration management process. ” ¨ Software configuration items (SCI) are not only program code segments but all type of documents according to development, for example: íall type of code files ítesting material íanalysis or design documents íuser or developer manuals ísystem configurations (e. g. version of compiler used) ¨ ¨ In some systems, not only software but also hardware configuration items (CPUs, bus speed frequencies) exist! Even a commercial product used in the system can be a configuration item Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 9

Finding Cis - 1 ¨ Large projects typically produce thousands of entities (files, documents, data. . . ) which must be uniquely identified. ¨ Any entity managed in the software engineering process can potentially be brought under SCM ¨ But not ¨ Two Issues: every entity needs to be under configuration management control all the time. w What: Selection of CIs What should be under configuration control? w When: When do you start to place entities under configuration control? t Conflict for the Project Manager: t t Starting with CIs too early introduces too much bureaucracy Starting with CIs too late introduces chaos Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 10

Finding Cis - 2 ¨ ¨ Some items must be maintained for the lifetime of the software. This includes also the phase, when the software is no longer developed but still in use; An entity naming scheme should be defined so that related documents have related names. ¨ Selecting the right CIs is a skill that takes practice w Very similar to object modeling w Use techniques similar to object modeling for finding Cis! t t Find the CIs Find relationships between CIs Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 11

Which of these Entities should be Configuration Items? ¨ ¨ ¨ Problem Statement Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) Requirements Analysis Document (RAD) System Design Document (SDD) Project Agreement Object Design Document (ODD) Dynamic model Object model Functional model Unit tests Integration test strategy Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ Source code API Specification Input data and data bases Test plan Test data Support software that is part of the final system Support software that is not part of the product User manual Administrator manual Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 12

Possible Selection of Configuration Items ¨ ¨ 4 4 ¨ ¨ ¨ 4 ¨ Problem Statement Software Project Management Plan (SPMP) Requirements Analysis Document (RAD) System Design Document (SDD) Project Agreement Object Design Document (ODD) Dynamic Model Object model Functional Model Unit tests Integration test strategy 4 ¨ 4 4 ¨ ¨ ¨ Source code API Specification Input data and data bases Test plan Test data Support software (part of the product) Support software (not part of the product) User manual Administrator manual Once the Configuration Items are selected, they are usually organized in a tree Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 13

Configuration Item Tree (Example) “The project” CI Models Object Model Subsystems Dynamic Model RAD Database . . Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit “The project” Documents User Interface Code Data ODD . . Unit Test Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java . . 14 . .

Terminology: Version ¨ The initial release or re-release of a CI associated with a complete compilation or recompilation of the item. ¨ Different versions have different functionality. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 15

Terminology: Baseline “A specification or product that has been formally reviewed and agreed by responsible management, that thereafter serves as the basis for further development, and can be changed only through formal change control procedures. ” Examples: Baseline A: All the APIs have completely been defined; the bodies of the methods are empty. Baseline B: All data access methods are implemented and tested. Baseline C: The GUI is implemented. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 16

More on Baselines ¨ As systems are developed, a series of baselines is developed, usually after a review w Developmental baseline (CIs: RAD, SDD, Integration Test, . . . ) t Goal: Coordinate engineering activities w Functional baseline (CIs: first prototype, alpha release, beta release) t Goal: Get first customer experiences with functional system w Product baseline (product) t ¨ ¨ Goal: Coordinate sales and customer support Many naming scheme for baselines exist (1. 0, 3. 14159, 6. 01 a, , . . . ) A 3 digit scheme is quite common: Mac. OS X 10. 3. 6 Release (Customer) Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Version (Developer) Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java Revision (Developer) 17

Managing Baselines in SCM Baseline A (developmental) Baseline B (functional, first prototype) Baseline C (functional, beta test) Release How do we manage changes in the baselines? Time Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 18

Change management ¨ Change management is the handler of change requests w A change request leads to the creation of a new release ¨ General change process: ¨ w The change is requested (this can be done by anyone including users and developers) w The change request is assessed against project goals w Following the assessment, the change is accepted or rejected w If it is accepted, the change is assigned to a developer and implemented w The implemented change is audited. The complexity of the change management process varies with the project: w Small projects can perform change requests informally and fast w Complex projects require detailed change request forms and the official approval by one or more managers. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 19

Controlling Changes ¨ Two types of controlling change: w Promotion: The internal development state of a software is changed. w Release: A changed software system is made visible outside the development organization. Release Policy Promotion Policy Developer Working Area ¨ Promotion Master Directory Release Software Repository Approaches for controlling change (Change Policy) w Informal (good for promotions) w Formal approach (good for releases) Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 20 User

Terminology: SCM Directories ¨ Programmer’s Directory (IEEE: Dynamic Library) w Library for holding newly created or modified software entities w The programmer’s workspace is controlled by the programmer only ¨ Master Directory (IEEE: Controlled Library) w Manages the current baseline(s) and for controlling changes made to them w Entry is controlled, usually after verification w Changes must be authorized ¨ Software Repository (IEEE: Static Library) w Archive for the various baselines released for general use w Copies of these baselines may be made available to requesting organizations Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 21

Standard SCM Directories ¨ Programmer’s Directory w (IEEE Std: “Dynamic Library”) w Completely under control of one programmer. Promotion ¨ Master Directory Central source code archive w (IEEE Std: “Controlled Library”) w Central directory of all promotions. Release ¨ Software Repository w (IEEE Std: “Static Library”) w Externally released baselines. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Foo’ 95 Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java Foo’ 98 22

Let‘s Create a Model for Configuration Management We just learned that promotions are stored in the master directory and releases are stored in the repository Problem: There can be many promotions and many releases Solution: Use Multiplicity * Master Directory Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Promotion Release * Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java Repository 24

Let‘s Create a Model for Configuration Management Insight: Promotions and Releases are both versions Solution: Use Inheritance Version * Promotion Release * Master Directory Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java Repository 25

Let‘s Create a Model for Configuration Management Problem: A configuration item has many versions Solution: Create a 1 -many association between Configuration Item and Version Configuration Item * Version * Promotion Release * Master Directory Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java Repository 26

Let‘s Create a Model for Configuration Management Problem: Configuration items can themselves be grouped Solution: Use the composite design pattern * Controlled item Configuration Item * CM Aggregate Configuration item Version * Promotion Release * Master Directory Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java Repository 27

Configuration Item Model (UML Class Diagram) * Controlled item CM Aggregate Configuration item * * Version Promotion Release * Master Directory Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java Repository 28

Change Policies ¨ Whenever a promotion or a release is performed, one or more policies apply. The purpose of change policies is to guarantee that each version, revision or release conforms to commonly accepted criteria. ¨ Examples for change policies: “No developer is allowed to promote source code which cannot be compiled without errors and warnings. ” “No baseline can be released without having been beta-tested by at least 500 external persons. ” Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 29

Terminology: Version vs Revision vs Release Version: w The state of a configuration item or configuration aggregate at a welldefined point in time. w It is usually associated with a complete compilation or recompilation of the item. w Different versions usually have different functionality. Revision: w Change to a version that corrects only errors in the design/code, but does not affect functionality. Release: w A version that has been made available externally. w The formal distribution of an approved version. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 30

Software Configuration Management Planning ¨ Software configuration management planning starts during the of a project. early phases ¨ The outcome of the SCM planning phase is the Software Configuration Management Plan (SCMP) which might be extended or revised during the rest of the project. ¨ The SCMP can either follow a public standard like the IEEE 828, or an internal (e. g. company specific) standard. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 31

The Software Configuration Management Plan ¨ Defines the types of documents to be managed and a document naming scheme. ¨ Defines who takes responsibility for the CM procedures and creation of baselines. ¨ Defines policies for change control and version management. ¨ Describes the tools which should be used to assist the CM process and any limitations on their use. ¨ Defines the configuration management database used to record configuration information. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 32

Typical Configuration Management Roles ¨ Configuration Manager w Responsible for identifying configuration items. The configuration manager can also be responsible for defining the procedures for creating promotions and releases ¨ Change control board member w Responsible for approving or rejecting change requests ¨ Developer w Creates promotions triggered by change requests or the normal activities of development. The developer checks in changes and resolves conflicts ¨ Auditor w Responsible for the selection and evaluation of promotions for release and for ensuring the consistency and completeness of this release Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 36

Tasks for the Configuration Managers (Summary) Define configuration items Define promote / release policies Define activities and responsibilities Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 40

Example SCM Plans (from the Guide IEEE 1042. 1990) Life-cycle Phase Project Type Size SCM Tools Life Span Writing A Development Critical Medium Advanced Short Character of Project Highly Structured Complex system contracted to another company Small software development project B Concept Prototype Small Basic Short Informal Maintenance Support Software Large On-line Full Life-Cycle Structured SCMP used by organization using contracted SW Commercial Small Integrated Full Life-Cycle Informal Development of embedded applicatåions C D All ARENA: Concept. Prototype, Small, On-line, Full Life-Cycle, Informal Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 43

Tasks for the Configuration Manager SCMP following the IEEE 828 -1990 standard Define configuration items Define promote / release policy Define activities and responsibilities Set up configuration management system Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 44

Tools for Software Configuration Management ¨ ¨ Software configuration management is normally supported by tools with different functionality. Examples: w RCS t very old but still in use; only version control system w CVS (Concurrent Version Control) t t t based on RCS, allows concurrent working without locking http: //www. cvshome. org/ CVSWeb: Web Frontend to CVS w Perforce t t Repository server; keeps track of developer’s activities http: //www. perforce. com w Clear. Case t t Multiple servers, process modeling, policy check mechanisms http: //www. rational. com/products/clearcase/ Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 45

References ¨ Readings used for this lecture w [Bruegge-Dutoit] Chapter 13 Configuration Management w [IEEE Std 828] Software Configuration Management w [IEEE Std 1042] Guide to Configuration Management Plan (SCMP) ¨ Additional References w CVS t t Homepage: http: //www. cvshome. org/ Online Documentation: http: //www. cvshome. org/docs/manual/cvs. html w Jikes: Open Source Java Compiler maintained with CVS t t Source tree (read only): http: //sourcery. org/jikes/anoncvs. html Jikes project portal http: //sourcery. org/jikes w CVSWEB example t http: //stud. fh-heilbronn. de/~zeller/cgi/cvsweb. cgi/ Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 46

Summary ¨ ¨ Software Configuration Management: Important part of project management to manage evolving software systems and coordinate changes to them. Software Configuration Management consists of several activities: w Promotion and Release management w Branch, Variant and Change Management ¨ ¨ Public standard for SCM plans: IEEE 828. The standard can be tailored to a particular project: w Large projects need detailed plans to be successful w Small projects should not be burdened with the bureaucracy of detailed SCM plans ¨ SCM should be supported by tools. These range from w Simple version storage tools w Sophisticated systems with automated procedures for policy checks and support for the creation of SCM documents. Bernd Bruegge & Allen H. Dutoit Object-Oriented Software Engineering: Using UML, Patterns, and Java 47