USING SOURCES AVOIDING PLARGIARISM Using sources well means

USING SOURCES & AVOIDING PLARGIARISM

§ Using sources well means using: § QUOTATION § PARAPHRASES § SUMMARIES --in order to create a synthesis of those materials and your own thoughts.

DOCUMENTATION § Definition: taking two types of entries in your research paper each time you use a source: § 1) writing a parenthetical citation for each quotation, paraphrase, and summary you take from sources. § 2) composing a BIBLIOGRAPHY for the end of your paper: § MLA—WORKS CITED; APA—REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY § WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY A preliminary list of the primary and secondary sources you gather in your research (author, title, publisher and place& year of publication, call number) http: //library. thinkquest. org/5002/Ba sic/whatcn. htm § ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Includes not only publishing information but also your brief summary of each one, and perhaps a commentary.

WHAT DON’T I HAVE TO DOCUMENT? § YOUR OWN THINKING § COMMON KNOWLEDGE

Exercise: which should be documented? § The declaration of Independence was issued in 1776. § The sediments on the ocean floor are the accumulation of silt carried by rivers to the sea, volcanic dust, coastal sands, and discarded shells of living creatures. § Levis Strauss, the inventor of blue jeans, came to the United States from Germany in 1848. § Coca-Cola is a popular soft drink all around the world. § According to Germaine Greer, the reason few women artists have achieved greatness is that they have historically internalized their oppression, thereby draining the energy required for creative work. § The United States is a substantially less secure society today than it was forty years ago. § The Olympic Games are held every four years. § The initials GDP stand for the term gross domestic product. § As a society, we should read poetry because it makes us live more fully and live more deeply. § Henry David Thoreau lived at Walden Pond for two years.

EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM § § § Plagiarism in terms of QUOTATION Plagiarism in terms of SUMMARIES Plagiarism in terms of PARAPHRASES

EXAMPLE 1: QUOTATION Park, Robert L. “Welcome to Planet Earth. ” The Best American Science Writing 2001. Ed. Jesse Cohen. New York: Eco-Harper, 2001. 302 -08. Print. The widespread belief in alien abductions is just one example of the growing influence of pseudoscience. Two hundred years ago, educated people imagined that the greatest contribution of science would be to free the world from superstition and humbug. It has not happened. (304) § Plagiarism example: Belief in alien kidnapping illustrates the influence of pseudoscience. In the nineteenth century, educated people imagined that science would free the world from superstition, but they were wrong. Robert Paul calls people’s beliefs alien kidnapping proof of “the growing influence of pseudoscience” (304). Centuries of expectation that science would conquer “superstition and humnbug” are still unfulfilled (304).

Example 2: PARAPHRASES § Uniforms: Why We Are What We Wear by Paul Fussell. (Boston: Houghton, 2002) § Until around 1963, part of the routine for Levi’s wearers was shrinking the trousers to fit, and the best way to do that was to put them on wet and let them dry on your body. This gave the wearer the impression that he or she was actually creating the garment, or at least emphasizing one’s precious individuality, and that conviction did nothing to oppose the illusion of uniqueness precious to all American young people. (49)

Read the original material, a paragraph from page 49, then, read the unacceptable paraphrase, and point out each example of plagiarism. Finally, write your own paraphrase, starting it with a phrase naming Fussell and ending it with this parenthetical reference: (49). § Paul Fussell says that until around 1963 Levi’s wearers used to shrink new trousers to fit. The best way to do that was to put them on wet and let them dry while wearing them. Doing this created the impression that wearers were actually creating the garment or emphasizing their precious individuality. It reinforced the illusion of uniqueness precious to all American teens (49).

Example 3: SUMMARIES § Catfight: Women and Competition. New York: Seven Stories, 2002. 117 -18. Print. § Until recently, most Americans disapproved of cosmetics surgery, but today the stigma is disappearing. Average Americans are lining up for procedures—two-thirds of patients report family incomes of less than $50, 000 a year—and many of them return for more. Younger women undergo “maintenance” surgeries in a futile attempt to halt time. The latest fad is Botox, a purified and diluted form of botulinum toxin that is injected between the eyebrows to eliminate frown lines. Although the procedure costs between $300 and $1000 and must be repeated every few months, roughly 850, 000 patients have had it performed on them. That number will undoubtedly shoot up now that FDA has approved Botox for cosmetic use. Even teenagers are making appointments with plastic surgeons. More than 14, 000 adolescents had plastic surgery in 1996, and many of them are choosing controversial procedures such as breast implants, liposuction, and tummy tucks, rather than the rhinoplasties of previous generations.

Read the original material, then, read the unaccecptable summary. Point out each example of plagiarism. Finally, write your own summary, starting it with a phrase mentioning Wood ad ending it with this parenthetical reference: (117 -18). § Average Americans are lining up for surgical procedures. The latest fad is Botox, a toxin injected to eliminate frown lines. This is an insanely foolish waste of money. Even teenagers are making appointments with plastic surgeons, many of them for controversial procedures such as breast implants, liposuction, and tummy tucks(Tanenbaum 117 -18).