Using MIS 10 th Edition Chapter 12 Information

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Using MIS 10 th Edition Chapter 12 Information Systems Development Copyright © 2018, 2017,

Using MIS 10 th Edition Chapter 12 Information Systems Development Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -1

“Augmented reality is a dream come true. ” • Example of decision making in

“Augmented reality is a dream come true. ” • Example of decision making in small company. – Zev owner and source of investment funds. – Team presents options; he listens and makes a decision. • Team is nervous, not really sure what will happen. • “The ad possibilities are huge. We could sell new kinds of ads that people have never seen before. ” • Will focus on building a Holo. Lens prototype. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -2

Bottom Line • Startups fun and interesting places to work. • Time and budgets

Bottom Line • Startups fun and interesting places to work. • Time and budgets limited. • Decisions made more quickly, but risky if not well managed. • Prototypes used to reduce front-end risk. • Scrum ideal process for creating prototypes. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -3

Study Questions Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? Q

Study Questions Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes? Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? Q 12 -7 2027? Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -4

Business Processes and Information Systems Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and

Business Processes and Information Systems Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? Offline process Figure 12 -1 Activities in a Business Process and the Correlating Information Systems Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -5

Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems Q 12 -1 How are business processes,

Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? • Every information system has at least one application (software). Figure 12 -2 Relationship of Business Processes and Information Systems Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -6

How Do Business Processes, Information Systems, and Applications Differ and Relate? Q 12 -1

How Do Business Processes, Information Systems, and Applications Differ and Relate? Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? 1. Different characteristics and components. 2. Business processes to information systems - N: M. – Business process need not relate to any information system, but an information system relates to at least one business process. 3. At least one application in every IS due to software component. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -7

How Is Scope Related to Development Processes? Q 12 -1 How are business processes,

How Is Scope Related to Development Processes? Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? Development Process BPM SDLC Scrum Business Processes ü ü Information Systems ü ü Applications ü ü Scope Figure 12 -3 Scope of Development Processes Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -8

Role of Development Personnel Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications

Role of Development Personnel Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? Figure 12 -4 Role of Development Personnel Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -9

Business Process Management (BPM) Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management

Business Process Management (BPM) Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? • Business process – Network of activities, repositories, roles, resources, and flows – Interact to accomplish a business function. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -10

Properties of Processes Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)?

Properties of Processes Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? • Roles – Collections of activities. • Resources – People or computer applications assigned to roles. • Flow – Control flow - directs order of activities. – Data flow - movement of data among activities & repositories. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -11

Why Do Processes Need Management? Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process

Why Do Processes Need Management? Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? 1. Improve process quality. 2. Adapt to change in technology. 3. Adapt to change in business fundamentals. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -12

Examples of Change in Business Fundamentals Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business

Examples of Change in Business Fundamentals Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? • Market (new customer category, change in customer characteristics) • Product lines • Supply chain • Company policy • Company organization (merger, acquisition) • Internationalization • Business environment (new priority on credit checking) Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -13

Four Stages of BPM Cycle Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process

Four Stages of BPM Cycle Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? Figure 12 -5 Four Stages of BPM COBIT (Control Objectives for Information and related Technology) Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -14

Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation

Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes? Figure 12 -6 Business Process Management Notation (BPMN) Symbols Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -15

Existing Order Process (BPMN) Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN)

Existing Order Process (BPMN) Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes? Figure 12 -7 Existing Order Process Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -16

Check Customer Credit Process Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN)

Check Customer Credit Process Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes? Figure 12 -8 Check Customer Credit Process Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -17

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the

Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Figure 12 -9 Five Phases of the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -18

SDLC Definition Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development

SDLC Definition Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Figure 12 -10 SDLC: System Definition Phase Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -19

Role of a Prototype Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems

Role of a Prototype Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? • Direct user experience. • Assess technical and organizational feasibility. • Define requirements and functions. • Parts often reused. § Code for ARES prototype reused in other digital reality devices? • Prototype-funding dilemma. Which comes first? Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -20

SDLC Requirements Analysis Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems

SDLC Requirements Analysis Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Figure 12 -11 SDLC: Requirements Analysis Phase Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -21

SDLC Component Design Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems

SDLC Component Design Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Figure 12 -12 SDLC: Component Design Phase Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -22

SDLC System Implementation Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems

SDLC System Implementation Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Figure 12 -13 SDLC: Implementation Phase Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -23

System Conversion Approaches Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development

System Conversion Approaches Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Pilot • Implement entire system in limited portion of business • Limits exposure to business if system fails Phased • System installed in phases or modules • Each piece installed and tested Parallel • Complete new and old systems run simultaneously • Very safe, but expensive Plunge • High risk if new system fails • Only used if new system not vital to company operations Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -24

Design and Implementation for the Five Components Q 12 -4 What are the phases

Design and Implementation for the Five Components Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Figure 12 -14 Design and Implementation for the Five Components Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -25

SDLC System Maintenance Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems

SDLC System Maintenance Phase Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Figure 12 -15 SDLC: System Maintenance Phase Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -26

Successful SDLC Projects Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Successful SDLC Projects Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? • Create work-breakdown structure (WBS). • Estimate time and costs. • Create project plan. • Adjust plan via trade-offs. • Manage development challenges. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -27

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Figure 12 -16 Example Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -28

Partial Gantt Chart for Definition Phase of Project Q 12 -5 What are the

Partial Gantt Chart for Definition Phase of Project Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Figure 12 -17 Gantt Chart of the WBS for the Definition Phase of a Project Source: Microsoft Corporation Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -29

Partial Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned Q 12 -5 What are the keys

Partial Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Figure 12 -18 Gantt Chart with Resources (People) Assigned Source: Microsoft Corporation Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -30

Primary Drivers of Systems Development Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful

Primary Drivers of Systems Development Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Figure 12 -19 Primary Drivers of Systems Development Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -31

Manage Development Challenges Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Manage Development Challenges Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Four critical factors 1. Coordination 2. Diseconomies of scale § Brooks’ Law 3. Configuration control 4. Unexpected events Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -32

Diseconomies of Scale Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects?

Diseconomies of Scale Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Brooks’ Law • “Adding more people to a late project makes the project later. ” • Productive workers train new people, and productivity decreases. • Schedules compress only so far. • Once late and over budget, no good choice exists. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -33

Configuration Control and Unexpected Events Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful

Configuration Control and Unexpected Events Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? • Configuration control – Set of management policies, practices, and tools. – Used to maintain control over project resources. • Unexpected events – New management – Technology, competitor changes – Disasters – Loss of critical people – Team morale fades Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -34

Banking on Io. T So What? • Immediate access to analytics allows for –

Banking on Io. T So What? • Immediate access to analytics allows for – Better strategic decision making – New strategic competitive opportunities • Sensor technologies and the ability to rapidly transmit, store, and analyze large data sets have redefined operations and industries. • As more smart devices (Io. T) are connected to the Internet, increasing amounts of data are captured and transmitted by these devices. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -35

Banking on Io. T (cont’d) So What? • Io. T is generally defined as

Banking on Io. T (cont’d) So What? • Io. T is generally defined as the proliferation of Internet-connected devices. – By 2020 there will be roughly 25 billion Internetconnected devices. • Banks want to manage automated transactions conducted by Io. T devices. – Huge potential for loyalty programs paired with these transactions. – Debit card charged several times a day when your refrigerator orders groceries for you. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -36

Estimation Ethics Guide • Estimating just a “theory. ” – Average of many people’s

Estimation Ethics Guide • Estimating just a “theory. ” – Average of many people’s guesses. • Buy-in game. • Projects start with overly optimistic schedules and cost estimates. • When is a buy-in within accepted boundaries of conduct? Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -37

Estimation Ethics (cont’d) Ethics Guide • Be aware of “buy-ins” – some vendors make

Estimation Ethics (cont’d) Ethics Guide • Be aware of “buy-ins” – some vendors make a practice of it. – Carefully scrutinize unbelievably low bids. • No substitute for experience. – Hire expertise to evaluate bids. • Consider your position on buy-ins. – Can you ever justify a buy-in? If so, when? Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -38

Alternatives to SDL Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the

Alternatives to SDL Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? • Alternatives to SDLC – Rapid Application Development (RAD) – Unified Process (UP) – Extreme programming (XP) – Scrum – Other agile methods Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -39

Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems

Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? Figure 12 -20 Principles of Agile (Scrum) Development Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -40

Scrum Essentials Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Scrum Essentials Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? Figure 12 -21 Scrum Essentials Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -41

Scrum Process Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC?

Scrum Process Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? Figure 12 -22 Scrum Process Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -42

When Are We Done? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of

When Are We Done? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? • Scrum periods continue until: 1. Customer satisfied and accepts it. 2. Project runs out of time. 3. Project runs out of money. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -43

How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum Process? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome

How Do Requirements Drive the Scrum Process? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? Figure 12 -23 Example Requirement and Tasks Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -44

Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems

Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? Figure 12 -24 Summary of Scrum Estimation Techniques Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -45

Hocus-Pocus? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? •

Hocus-Pocus? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? • Incorporates team iteration and feedback for scheduling and tasking. – Team exceeds what members can do individually. • Framework for team learning. – Learns how to assign points and what team’s true velocity is. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -46

Information Systems Development in 2027 Q 12 -7 2027? • AI, machine learning, and

Information Systems Development in 2027 Q 12 -7 2027? • AI, machine learning, and deep neural networks are reshaping the way systems are developed. – Systems will be “trained” rather than “created. ” – Developers will become more like architects rather than builders • Nature of IT industry changes—more agile using SOA and Web services. • New systems will come online fast, the limiting factor will be humans’ ability to cope. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -47

Psst. There’s Another Way, You Know. . . Security Guide • Code sent copies

Psst. There’s Another Way, You Know. . . Security Guide • Code sent copies of engineering drawings on host machine to one of several email servers in China. • Original infection on server of a Peruvian manufacturer whose suppliers needed manufacturer’s engineering designs to create component parts. • Tens of thousands of engineering drawings were leaked. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -48

Developing Your Personal Brand Career Guide • Professionals use social media, such as Linked.

Developing Your Personal Brand Career Guide • Professionals use social media, such as Linked. In, to build their personal brand. • Personal brand is the means by which you conduct authentic relationships with the market for your talents and abilities. • That market might be your professional colleagues, your employer, your fellow employees, your competition, or anyone who cares about what you care about. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -49

Developing Your Personal Brand (cont’d) Career Guide • What is your personal competitive advantage?

Developing Your Personal Brand (cont’d) Career Guide • What is your personal competitive advantage? • Why would someone choose you, your expertise, or your work products over others? • How could you use social media (like Linked. In) to make an existing professional contact more personal in nature while still maintaining your privacy? Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -50

Active Review Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? Q

Active Review Q 12 -1 How are business processes, IS, and applications developed? Q 12 -2 How do organizations use business process management (BPM)? Q 12 -3 How is business process modeling notation (BPMN) used to model processes? Q 12 -4 What are the phases in the systems development life cycle (SDLC)? Q 12 -5 What are the keys for successful SDLC projects? Q 12 -6 How can scrum overcome the problems of the SDLC? Q 12 -7 2027? Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -51

When Will We Learn? Case Study 12 • 1974: Cause of failure – Lack

When Will We Learn? Case Study 12 • 1974: Cause of failure – Lack of user involvement in creating and managing system requirements. • Access CT project (2013) successful. – If schedule fixed, funding fixed, what factors can be traded off to reduce project difficulty and risk? § Requirements. Reduce to bare minimum, get system running, add to it. Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -52

When Will We Learn? (cont’d) Case Study 12 • Failure: State of Oregon wasted

When Will We Learn? (cont’d) Case Study 12 • Failure: State of Oregon wasted $248+ million attempting to develop an information system to support healthcare exchange. • Very early in project, consulting firm hired to provide quality assurance, warned requirements were vague, changing, and inconsistent. • Warnings made no difference. Why? • Software and systems made of “pure thoughtstuff. ” Copyright © 2018, 2017, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 12 -53