Using i METOS Weather Stations for a Small

Using i. METOS Weather Stations for a Small Grain Disease Information Network Possible Strategies and Solutions

i. METOS • GPRS or CSD-Dial in based internet connection • SMS alert messages for • Frost • Soil Moisture • …. • Climate sensors for • Disease models • Evapotranspiration • … • Soil moisture sensors • Watermak • Tensiometer • Ech 2 o Probes • Sentek Enviroscan • Sentek easy ag • Sentek Tri. Scan • Temperature Monitoring in • Silos • Plastic Tunnels • …. .

i. METOS = Internet based • GPRS or CSD-Dial in based internet connection • Sends data periodically to a web based database • Database is hosted by • Pessl Instruments and mirrored by client organization • Client organization • PHP – My. SQL or Postgre. SQL scripts available • Station settings and data handling needs web browser no PC software

Disease Forecast is calculated by 1. Novi Sad University Data is hosted by Pessl Instruments and mirrored Novi Sad University 2. Pessl Instruments on Field. Climate Website 3. Third party software • Proplant Data is hosted by Pessl Instruments and Proplant • Dacom… Data is hosted by Pessl Instruments and Proplant

The Models for Small Grains Pessl Instruments is Working on • Rust diseases – Leaf Rust (Puccinia tritici), Steam Rust (Puccinia gramminis), Stripe Rust (Puccinia stritiformis) • Fusarium Head Blight • Septoria tritici

Disease Models for Wheat Puccinia tritici infections are taking place after for hours of leaf wetness at optimum temperature conditions. The fungus can infect over a wide range of temperatures. The model assumes that infection needs 90°C*hours of leaf wetness in a range from 5°C to 30°C. Puccinia gramminis prefers a little higher temperatures and the infection has to be followed by sunlight. Whereas Puccinia stritiformis is the wheat rust of cool climates having its optimum temperature already from 15°C on. Puccinia tritici • Leaf wetness for 90°C*h (if T <= 22. 5°C then ∑(Th) else ∑ (22. 5 -(Th-22. 5)) • 5°C < Temp. < 30°C Puccinia gramminis • Leaf wetness for 80°C*h following by a light period (150 W/m²) for 30°C*h (if T <= 24°C then ∑(Th) else ∑ (24 -(Th-24)) • 10°C < Temp. < 35°C Puccinia stritiformis • Leaf wetness for 80°C*h (if T <= 15°C then ∑(Th) else ∑ (15 -(Th-15)) • 5°C < Temp. < 20°C • No infections in times with low light intentions

Disease Models for Wheat FHB fusarium head blight in small grain is caused by different pathogens from the genius fusarium ssp. For all common is the infection during extended moist peirods at flowering. The Pessl Instruments model is asking for relative humdity higher tahn 90% or leafwetness for 48 to 72 hours depending on temperature. It this condition is fullfilled during flowering a FHB infection has to be assumed. Old M o del u sed i n 2007 and 20 08

Fusarium on wheat susceptible in BBCH stage 61 to 85 Infection: 12 h of leafwetness or more than 85% rel. humidity following a rain of 2 mm Mycotoxin Risk evaluation: Starting with start of infection at * 20 -28°C 48 hours of moisture (leaf wetness or more than 85% relative humditiy) => 100% risk * more than 28°C 60 h of moisture (leaf wetness or more than 85% relative humditiy) => 100% risk * 15 -20 °C 72 h of moisture (leaf wetness or more than 85% relative humditiy) => 100% risk * 8 -15°C 96 h of moisture (leaf wetness or more than 85% relative humditiy) => 100% risk This model is done by a very long literature list Infektion und Ausbreitung von Fusarium spp. an Weizen in Abhängigkeit der Anbaubedingungen im Rheinland Lienemann, K. ; E. -C. Oerke und H. -W. Dehne Water activity, temperature, and p. H effects on growth of Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium proliferatum isolates from maize Sonia Marin, Vicente Sanchis, and Naresh Magan Interaction of Fusarium graminearum and F. moniliforme in Maize Ears: Disease Progress, Fungal Biomass, and Mycotoxin Accumulation L. M. Reid, R. W. Nicol, T. Ouellet, M. Savard, J. D. Miller, J. C. Young, D. W. Stewart, and A. W. Schaafsma Evaluierung von Einflussfaktoren auf den Fusarium-Ährenbefall des Weizens Wolf, P. F. J. ; Schempp, H. ; Verreet, J. -A.

Inc re as ing R isk Fusarium Head Blight and Field History • • • Wheat after Corn non Tillage Wheat after Corn Wheat after Wheat non Tillage Wheat after Wheat. . Wheat after Sugar Beet, Rape Seed or Potato

Fusarium and DON • Heavy Infections in Stage 61 to 69 will lead to small or very small corn and mostly low DON values • Light Infections in Stage 61 to 69 allow the pathogen to establish itself inside the head • Ongoing leaf wetness in stage 71 to 85 will allow fungal growth and will increase DON values

Disease Models for Wheat Septoria tritici pycnidiospores germinate on a suitable substrate when the plants are wet (Plate 33). Spores begin to germinate within 12 hours, and leaf penetration occurs after 24 hours. Moisture is required for all stages of infection: germination, penetration, development of the mycelium within the plant tissue and subsequent pycnidium formation (Browning, 1979; Hooker, 1957; Shaner and Finney, 1982). The pycnidia range in color from light to dark brown. Pycnidiospore production may be related to cultivar response, with lower pycnidiospore production occurring on resistant cultivars (Plate 34, Plate 35) (Gough, 1978). The splash dispersal mechanism, influenced by rain, limits distances to which pycnidiospores can be spread. The Pessl Instruments model for S. tritici infection is looking for rain > 4 mm and then for 20 hours to 26 hours of leaf wetness in dependence of temperature. This conditions will give a septoria tritici infection.

Disease Models for Wheat The mycelium of S. nodorum can also be seed-borne and can cause seedling infection. Brown lesions occur on coleoptiles of wheat seedlings grown from infected seed (Machacek, 1945). Pycnidiospore germination and penetration are greatest between 15° and 25°C, with a minimum of six hours of wetness necessary for good infection (Plate 39) (Sharen and Krupinsky, 1970). The period from penetration to the production of mature pycnidia is as short as six days when the temperature is 22°C and in a water-saturated atmosphere (Tomerlin, 1985). The pycnidiospores are spread by splashing or wind-blown rain (Plate 40). Septoria nodorum pycnidiospores are mostly dispersed over short distances within crops causing localized disease spread. Wind greatly increases the dispersal of smaller droplets and spores in the downwind direction (Brennan et al. , 1985 a, 1985 b). The Pessl Instruments model for S. nodorum infection is lloking for rain > 2 mm and leafwetness after this. Leafwetness at 20 to 28°C has to last for 6 hour. At lower and higher temperatures ist has to last longer.

Field. Climate Data Interfaces • SOAP- Interface Documentation can be found in http: //www. metos. at/tiki or on http: //www. Field. Climate. com – The Interface is build for organisations willing to build up their own webservers supporting climate, and disease infromation – Climate data and disease model results can be downlaoded trough this interface • PC-Software to mirror data of selected weather stations in local Access Database – Using the SOAP Interface – Using the Access Database present on most windows PCs

Data Interfaces for Student Projects • Download data to local PC • Export this data into Excel readable Format – Software can be downloaded from http: //www. metos. at/tiki (Mark Trappman Export) • Use this Data in Access • Use This data direct by own C-Programs for Access • Use this data by Delphi programs Development toosl and code examples can be delivered by Heiner Denzer