Using Direct Quotes Parenthetical Documentation Direct Quotes General

Using Direct Quotes Parenthetical Documentation

Direct Quotes General rules: 1. Copy the author’s exact words and enclose them in quotation marks, following the rules for punctuation and capitalization. Example: Dr. Edward Lawrence, however, claims that “only counterfeit emotions exist nowadays” (Smith 89).

Direct Quotes 2. For every direct quotation include: Ø A lead-in (introductory words/phrases) Ø A follow-up (an explanation of its meaning, relevance, or significance) Ø Parenthetical documentation Example: Some scientists say “there is no such thing as global warming” (Earl 33). Because many scientists do not believe in global warming, not much thought is put into studying it.

Direct Quotes 3. Avoid monotony and maintain fluency by using a variety of methods to introduce quotations. Examples: Ø A sharply contrasting attitude is that of Ralph Nader…. Ø The distinguished literary critic Helen Vendler says… Ø According to Novel Laureate Derek Walcott… Ø Another viewpoint states that… Ø Some studies maintain that….

Direct Quotes 4. Use ellipses (…) for omissions. 5. Use [sic] to indicate the retention of errors in the original. Example: In the quoted sentence, “The lost aviators poured [sic] over their maps, ” the bracketed word shows you know the author’s use of “poured” is incorrect; it should be “pored. ”

Direct Quotes 7. For quotations four lines or longer: Ø Introduce quote with lead-in followed by a colon. Ø Start a new line Ø Indent the entire quotation Ø Double space Ø Omit quotation marks Ø Place citation OUTSIDE of closing punctuation

Direct Quotes 8. Remember that most of your paper should be your own writing. Do not let the majority of your paper be made up of direct quotes.

Parenthetical Documentation After you have made a statement in which you have borrowed from a particular source, you MUST inform the reader where you received the information. Each citation has two parts: 1. The name of the source’s author 2. The page number where it was found

Parenthetical Documentation • Take out your research paper packet and your bibliography cards. • As we read over the various forms of citing, put a star next to those that apply to your sources.

Parenthetical Documentation • Basic citation Place the citation at the end of the sentence containing the material you are documenting. The citation should appear after the last word of the sentence but before the end mark: According to the book, “writing research papers is great fun” (Gates 3).

Parenthetical Documentation • Basic citation with author’s name in text If the name of the author is stated in the sentence, then give only the page number: According to Gates, “Writing research papers is great fun” (3).

Parenthetical Documentation • Citation of more than one page: (Nardo 104 -06). • Citation of more than one author: (Winters and Murray 234) = two authors (Smith et. al. 49) = three or more authors

Parenthetical Documentation • Citation of source with no author: When no author is given for a source, use a shortened form of the title: (“Young Again” 21). • Citation of more than one source by the same author: If more than one source by the same author is to be cited, an abbreviated form of the title is also included: (Hemingway, Old Man 45).

Parenthetical Documentation • Citation of a source without page numbers For a source without page numbers (an interview, a piece of software, a recording, etc. ), give the name of the author or interviewee. If there is no name, give the title or a shortened version of the title: (“Battle”)

Parenthetical Documentation • Citation of an encyclopedia or similar reference work: When citing an article in a reference work that is arranged alphabetically, give only the title or a shortened version of the title: (“History of Canada” 287 -89).

Parenthetical Documentation • Citation of a long quotation When documenting a long quotation (4 or more lines), you must set it off from the text. Place the citation after the punctuation.