Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids Reminder student learning activities

Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids Reminder: student learning activities are at the end of this power point.

Next Generation Science/Common Core Standards Addressed: • MS‐LS 2‐ 1. Analyze and interpret data to provide evidence for the effects of resource availability on organisms and populations of organisms in an ecosystem. • RST. 6‐ 8. 1 Cite specific textual evidence to support analysis of science and technical texts. (MS‐LS 1‐ 6), (MS‐LS 2‐ 1), (MS‐LS 2‐ 4) • RI. 8. 8 Trace and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is sound and the evidence is relevant and sufficient to support the claims. (MS‐LS 2‐ 4) • WHST. 6‐ 8. 1 Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence. (MS‐LS 2‐ 4) • 6. RP. A. 3 Use ratio and rate reasoning to solve real‐world and mathematical problems. (MS‐LS 2‐ 5)

Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources content Standards Addressed! • BS. 02. 05. Examine and perform scientific procedures using microbes, DNA, RNA and proteins in a laboratory. • Sample Measurement: The following sample measurement strands are provided to guide the development of measurable activities (at different levels of proficiency) to assess students’ attainment of knowledge and skills related to the above performance indicator. The topics represented by each strand are not all‐encompassing. • BS. 02. 05. 01. a. Differentiate types of organisms and demonstrate safe handling to maintain organism purity and personal safety (e. g. , plant and animal tissue, cell cultures, microbes, etc. ).

Bell Work! • Discuss the importance of improved organisms to agriculture. • Identify methods used in agriscience to improve organisms. • Identify breeding systems used in animal science. • Why are crossbreeding and hybrids important financially?

Terms: • Hybrid vigor • Crossbreed • Linbreeding • Heterosis • Inbreeding • Genetic • Manipulation • Urbanization

Why is improving organisms important to agriculture? • Three main factors driving this goal: • Rising World Population • Urbanization • Fewer people in production agriculture

Rising World Population • Life expectancy continues to rise and infant mortality rates continue to drop • All of these people need to eat. • It is the job of agriculture to make sure there is enough food produced.

Urbanization • As the world’s population increases, people need places to live, work and play. • The world’s cities continue to grow, swallowing up more and more land that was used for farming. • Because of this, producers are expected to produce more food using less land.

Fewer people in production agriculture • Burden of feeding the world on fewer and fewer people. • Average of the producer is very high. 2013 – Average American Farmer is 58 yrs. Of age. Average Japanese Farmer is 66 yrs. Of age.

Hybrid seed • One example of a major breakthrough in organism improvement occurred in the 1930 s. Hybridization of corn began! • Hybrids produce 25% to 50% greater yields than traditional corn varieties and are fairly tolerant to varying soil and climatic conditions.

Hybrid Livestock • Another example of organism improvement can be found in the animal industry. • Today cattle and hogs can reach market weight several days sooner using less feed. (Feed Efficiency has improved) • Cross bred animals grow faster than pure bred parental stock. This is known as “hybrid vigor”.

What methods are used in agriscience to improve organisms? • Two major approaches are used: • Controlled breeding • Genetic manipulation.

Controlled breeding • Breeding plants or animals to achieve certain characteristics in the offspring. • Considered a natural method of improving plants and animals. • Scientists control the natural breeding process.

Kinds of controlled breeding: • Selection • Choosing a few parents with the desired traits with the intent of increasing the amount of desired qualities in the offspring.

Kinds of controlled breeding: • Inbreeding • Breeding offspring of the same parents to each other. ( father x daughter, father x granddaughter etc. ) • Used to produce a new generation without the introduction of any new genes. Desired result is to compound desirable characteristics.

Hybridization • Crossing of two different plants or animals • Combines the traits of different parent strains. • Many hybrids are not able to reproduce.

Genetic manipulation • Artificial means of producing desirable traits. • Genes can be moved from one species to another. • Gene splicing is the moving of hereditary characteristics from one organism to another often unrelated organism.

What are the different breeding systems used in animal science? • Two basic breeding systems? • Inbreeding • Crossbreeding or outbreeding

Inbreeding • Mating of closely related animals. • Mating of these individuals allows for the concentration of genes to make animals more homozygous for all traits.

Linebreeding • A specific type of inbreeding is called linebreeding. • Linebreeding is the mating of related animals that are not immediate family members.

Crossbreeding or outbreeding • Mating of animals that are not related. • The phenomenon of heterosis is often observed in crossbred animals. • Heterosis or hybrid vigor, is the increase in a performance trait that exceeds the average of the parents.

Review / Summary • Discuss the importance of improved organisms to agriculture. • Identify methods used in agriscience to improve organisms. • Identify breeding systems used in animal science.

The end! NEXT: Student Learning Activities

Student Learning Activities • Sample tests are available in the Lesson Plan tab.

• Have students group together, assign each group a cross breed of an animal or a plant. Have students research their breed and put together a presentation on it. They should know the history of the breed, what breeds make up the cross breed, what traits the breed has, and any other fun facts about the breed. They can use power point, a poster, or any other props they would like. Then have the students give a 3‐ 5 minute presentation on their breed to the class. Here are some examples of props that they could possibly use.

What happened in the 1930 s that was considered a major breakthrough in organism improvement? 6. ___________________________________________ Average American farmer is ______ years of age. Average Japanese farmer is ______ years of age. ____________________________________ Why are producers expected to produce more food using less land? 5. 4. As the world’s population ___________, people need places to _______, 3. __________ and ____________. It is the job of agriculture to make sure there is ____________________________________ Why is improving organisms important to agriculture? 2. 1. a complete sentence. Answer the following questions from the power point. Ether fill in the blank or answer the question with Using Crossbreeding and Hybrids Name: ______________

____________________________________ What methods are used in agriscience to improve organisms? ____________________________________ What is “hybrid vigor”? ___________ conditions. _________ and are fairly __________ to _______ soil and Hybrids produce ____% to ____% greater _______ than traditional corn ____________________________________ 13. What is inbreeding? ____________________________________ 12. What is selection? ____________________________________ 11. What is controlled breeding considered and why? _____________. 10. Breeding _______ or _________ to achieve certain _________ in the 9. 8. 7.

____________________________________ 20. What is linebreeding? ________ more ____________ for all traits. 19. Mating of these individuals allows for the _____________ of genes to make ____________________________________ 18. What are the two different breeding systems used in animal science? _________ to another often _________organism. 17. Gene splicing is the _________ of ____________ characteristics form one ____________________________________ 16. What is genetic manipulation? ____________________________________ 15. Give one example of a hybrid animal. ____________________________________ 14. What is hybridization?

_________ the average of the ___________. 23. Heterosis or _____________, is the increase in ___________ trait that 22. The ____________ of heterosis is often observed in ________ animals. members. 21. Linebreeding is the __________ of related animals that are not _______ family

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9. 8. 7. What happened in the 1930 s that was considered a major breakthrough in organism improvement? 6. controlled breeding and genetic manipulation. The two major methods that are used in agriscience to improve organisms are What methods are used in agriscience to improve organisms? “hybrid vigor”. Cross bred animals grow faster than pure bred parental stock, this is known as What is “hybrid vigor”? tolerant to varying soil and climatic conditions. Hybrids produce 25% to 50% greater yields than traditional corn varieties and are fairly of corn began. In the 1930 s a m major breakthrough in organism imprudent was hybridization Average American farmer is 58 years of age. Average Japanese farmer is 66 years of age. 5.

One example of a hybrid animal is a maul, which is ½ horse and ½ donkey. 15. Give one example of a hybrid animal. Hybridization is crossing of two different plants and animals. 14. What is hybridization? Inbreeding is breeding offspring of the same parents to each other. 13. What is inbreeding? increasing the amount of desired qualities in the offspring. Selection is choosing a few parents with the desired traits with the intent of 12. What is selection? animals, because scientists control the natural breeding process. Controlled breeding is considered a natural method of improving plants and 11. What is controlled breeding considered and why? 10. Breeding plants or animals to achieve certain characteristics in the offspring.

21. Linebreeding is the mating of related animals that are not immediate family members. Linebreeding is a specific type of inbreeding. . 20. What is linebreeding? homozygous for all traits. 19. Mating of these individuals allows for the concentration of genes to make animals more crossbreeding or out breeding. The two different breeding systems used in animal science are inbreeding and 18. What are the two different breeding systems used in animal science? unrelated organism. 17. Gene splicing is the moving of hereditary characteristics form one organism to another often can be moved from one species to another. Genetic manipulation is artificial means of producing desirable traits. Genes 16. What is genetic manipulation?

the parents. 23. Heterosis or hybrid vigor, is the increase in performance trait that exceeds the average of 22. The phenomenon of heterosis is often observed in crossbred animals.