Using Biodiesel as a Lubricity Additive for Petroleum

Using Biodiesel as a Lubricity Additive for Petroleum Diesel Fuel L. G. Schumacher B. T. Adams Professor Department of Biological Engineering University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211 Professional Engineer 11150 East Rob Cook Road Centralia, MO 65240

Introduction n Lubricity is the ability of a liquid to provide hydrodynamic and / or boundary lubrication to prevent wear between moving parts (Anon. , 2002 d) n Lubricity is the “quality that prevents wear when two moving metal parts come in contact with each other, ” (Le. Pera, 2002)

The Reduction in Sulfur…. Time Sulfur Prior to October 1993 5000 ppm After October 1993 500 ppm After June 1, 2006 15 ppm

Problems Related to Low Lubricity. n Rotary distributor injection system failures (Le. Pera, 2000).

Three Ways to evaluate the Lubricity of a fuel 1. Vehicle Test n n Requires extended length of time (500 -1000 hrs) Data may not be available for a span of 1 -2 years

Determining lubricity… 2. Fuel injection bench test n n Requires 5001000 hours operation Data available in 1 -3 months

Determining lubricity… 3. Laboratory test n n Least expensive, accurate Data available in one week

Types of Laboratory test for Lubricity. n Two test procedures emerged: n SLBOCLE (scuffing load ball on cylinder lubricity evaluator) n n ASTM D 6078 -99 HFRR (high frequency reciprocating rig) n ASTM D 6079 -99

SLBOCLE Test n n The SLBOCLE test devices press a steel ball bearing against a steel rotating-ring that is partially immersed in the lubricity fluid. Weight is applied until a “scuff” mark is seen on the rotating cylinder. If the fuel supports 3100 grams without scuffing it is said to have passed the SLBOCLE lubricity test for diesel fuel.

SLBOCLE n n n n 50 m. L of fuel Adjusted to 25 °C (77 °F) 50% Relative Humidity air 500 g mass 525 rpm (the ring speed) Tangential force recorded Single vs. incremental loading High Friction coefficient = scuffing

HFRR Test n n The HFRR test is a computer controlled reciprocating friction and wear test system. A steel ball is reciprocated (1 mm) at 50 hertz under load (200 g) for 75 min. This test was developed in England.

HFRR n n 2 m. L of Fuel Adjust to 25 °C or 60 °C (77 °F or 140 °F n n Non-rotating ball lowered n n n 60°C preferred 200 g mass Ball contacts test disk (in fuel) 1 mm stroke @ 50 hertz 75 min Wear scar measured under 100 x

Purpose / Objectives The primary goal: determine the concentration of biodiesel that will raise the lubricity of the new low sulfur diesel fuel. 1. 2. Verify the chemical composition of the new ultra low sulfur diesel fuel, biodiesel, and designated biodiesel blends. Determine the amount of biodiesel that must be added to diesel fuel that has less than 15 ppm sulfur so that diesel fuel injection systems will receive adequate lubrication.

Procedures / Methods n n Biodiesel Fuel was provided by Ag Environmental Products, Omaha, Nebraska. Diesel 2004 Tier 2 Fuel was secured from Chevron Phillips Chemical Company, Houston, Texas.

Procedures / Methods n The fuels were weighed using an electronic scale. n n BD weighed 850. 50 g/l DF weighed 805. 50 g/l (continued)

Procedures / Methods n The fuel was blended volumetrically using the following ratios: n n n . 5% BD : 99. 5% DF 1% BD : 99% DF 2% BD : 98% DF (continued)

Computation of a One Percent Biodiesel / Diesel Fuel Blend Fuel Type Fuel Density Diesel Fuel 805. 50 g/l Biodies el 850. 50 g/l Percent of Blend 99% (6. 628 lb/gal) (7. 069 lb/gal) Mass needed 3, 009. 2 g (6. 628 lb) 1% 32. 09 g (0. 07069 lb) **All blends were mixed using the same procedure (0. 5, 1, and 2%).

Fuel Analysis Fuel analysis on the biodiesel used ASTM D 6751 (formerly ASTM PS 121) Fuel analysis on the Tier 2 2004 diesel fuel used ASTM D 975

Fuel Analysis n Each blend poured into one gallon steel sealed container and transported to Williams Laboratory in Kansas City, KS for SLBOCLE testing (ASTM D 607899) and fuel analysis.

Results: ASTM Test Biodiesel fuel Analysis Item / Description ASTM DS 6571 Williams Free and Total Glycerin in B-100 0. 240 max. 0. 018 mass % Free Glycerin 0. 088 mass % Monoglyceride 0. 000 mass % Diglycreide 0. 000 mass % Triglyceride 0. 041 mass % of Glycerin D 93 Flash Point 130 min. 159 C D 2709 Water and Sediment 0. 050 max. <0. 05 vol. % D 524 Carbon Residue 0. 050 max 0. 021 % Carbon Residue D 874 Sulfate Ash 0. 020 max 0. 002 mass % D 445 Kinematics Viscosity 1. 9 - 6. 0 4. 001 c. St @ 40 C D 6584

Results: Biodiesel fuel Analysis (continued) ASTM Test Item / Description ASTM DS 6571 Williams D 5453 Total Sulfur by Ultraviolet Fluorescence 0. 50 max 0. 00011 mass % Sulfur D 613 Cetane Number 47 min. 65. 5 D 5773 Cloud Point Report 1 C D 130 Copper Corrosion No. 3 max 1 A D 664 Acid Number . 80 max 0. 27 mg KOH/grams

Results: ASTM Test 2004 Diesel Fuel Analysis Items / Description ASTM (old) D 975 Chevron Williams Flash Point 52 130 min 163 F D 86 Distillation 282 min. 338 max. 360 -390 420 -440 500 -520 580 -610 615 -645 389. 7 419. 9 479. 9 573. 2 664. 6 D 130 Copper Corrosion 3 3 max 1 A D 445 Kinematics Viscosity 1. 9 -4. 1 2. 0 -3. 2 2. 73 c. St @ 40 C D 482 Ash . 01 . 000 Mass % D 524 Carbon Residue 35 . 04% Carbon Residue D 93

Results: ASTM Test D 613 2004 Diesel Fuel Analysis (continued) Items / Description ASTM (old) D 975 Chevron Williams Cetane Number 40 47 -49 46. 9 40 47 -49 50. 6 D 976 D 5773 Cloud Point Report D 2500 0 -14 D 2622 Sulfur . 05 - . 0018 mass % D 2709 Water and Sediment . 05 D 5453 Total Sulfur by Ultraviolet Fluorescence N/A . 05 vol. % 7 -15 8. 6

SCBOCLE for Diesel 2004 Tier 2 Fuel, Biodiesel, and Biodiesel Blends – D 6078

Similar Data with HFRR High Frequency Reciprocating Rig B 100 0. 193 D 85 0. 196 D 90 0. 158 Ave. Wear Scar (mm) D 95 0. 255 D 100 0. 328 0 0. 05 0. 15 0. 25 0. 35

Conclusions n Based on the data reported by the researchers, the following conclusions were drawn about the use of biodiesel as a lubricity additive with Tier 2 2004 diesel fuel: n n 1. The lubricity of the new low sulfur number two diesel fuel, (Diesel 2004 Tier 2 Fuel) did not meet the minimum lubricity standards established by Cummins Engine Company or European engine manufacturers. 2. The substitution of small quantities of Biodiesel with new low sulfur (Diesel 2004 Tier 2 Fuel) diesel fuel improved the lubricity of the fuel.

Recommendations n Based on the conclusions drawn by the researchers the following recommendations were made for the reader: n n 1. The new low sulfur number two diesel fuel, (Diesel 2004 Tier 2 Fuel Tier 2 2004) will need a lubricity additive when used to fuel modern diesel engines. 2. A replacement of one percent or more biodiesel should be used when attempting to raise the lubricity of new low sulfur number two diesel fuel, (Diesel 2004 Tier 2 Fuel).

Questions / Comments? Thank You