Uses and advantages of various feed additives in

Uses and advantages of various feed additives in LS & poultry

Feed Additives Feed additives are non nutritive substances which are added to feed to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and feed acceptance.

Types of feed additives ØAdditives that influence feed stability, feed manufacturing, and properties of feeds. ØAdditives that modify animal growth, feed efficiency, metabolism, and performance. ØMetabolism modifiers ØGrowth promotants ØAdditives that modify animal health. ØAdditives that modify consumer acceptance

Additives that influence feed stability, feed manufacturing, properties of feeds

Antifungal ØThese are those agents which are used to prevent the fungal growth in stored feed ingredients. ØMold reduces the palatability and may produce mycotoxins. ØMycotoxin are very dangerous and may cause the death of animal. ØImportant antifungals are sodium acetate, Sorbic acid, gentian violet

Antioxidants ØAntioxidants are preservatives that prevent the auto oxidation of fats (rancidity). ØExamples of natural antioxidants are vitamin E & vitamin C ØSynthetic antioxidants like BHT are very effective in preventing peroxidation in both feed animal tissues. ØThey prevent the toxic effect of peroxides.

Pellet Binders ØPellet binders are widely used. ØPelleting increases the density of feed, often resulting in increase the feed intake and improved growth and feed efficiency. ØBentonites, hemicellulase and lignin sulfonate are examples of pellet binders.

Additives that modify animal growth, feed efficiency, metabolism, and performance.

Feed Flavors ØFeed flavors are used to increase the acceptance of nutritious diet of low palatability. ØThey increase the intake of palatable diet. Ø All animals except canines likes flavor added feed due to presence of sweet tooth.

Enzymes ØEnzymes are digestion modifiers. ØIf digestion is not proper, it will effect the palatability & health. ØEnzyme treatment with fungal enzymes from trichoderma viride reduces the viscosity of rye in gut, and improves its utilization by poultry, as a result of hydrolysis of the viscous pentosans. ►

ØFor non ruminants, cellulase enzyme is used for the digestion of cellulose. Øβ-glucanase is used in poultry β-glucans.

Buffers ØBuffer is a salt of weak acid or base that resists the change in p. H. ØBuffers are widely used for ruminants fed high concentrate diet as more fermentation produces more acid which alter he p. H. ØSodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and magnesium bicarbonate, and bentonites are examples of buffers

Ionophores & Methane inhibitor ØIonophores are class of antibiotics which are commonly used as feed additive for cattle. ØThe major ionophores used are produced from various strain of Streptomyces fungi and include menensin. ØMenensin is called menensin when used in poultry feeding and rumensin when used as cattle feed additive. ►

ØThe feeding of ionophores to cattle consistently improves feed conversion efficiency and daily gain. ØIonophores also reduces the lactic acidosis, aid in control of coccidiosis, feedlot bloat, and bovine pulmonary emphysema, and are toxic to the larvae of face and horn flies in feces. ØThese are effective in increasing the growth rate of pasture cattle. ►

ØMethane reduces the efficiency of rumen fermentation. ØMethane inhibitors are chloroform, iodoform, other halogenated methane analogs, mainly ionophores. ØMonensin is toxic to horses

Ion exchange compounds ØThe principal ion exchange compounds used in feeding are zeolites. ØZeolites had beneficial effects on growth, feed efficiency and incidence of enteric disease. ØClinoptilolite is used to remove the ammonia from poultry houses. ►

ØZeolites might improve the utilization of NPN by ruminants. ØSome aluminosilicates are effective absorbents of aflatoxin and they are used in poultry to alleviate the effects of toxic levels of dietary aflatoxin.

Probiotics ØProbiotics is a term used to describe the microbes used as feed additives. ØThere mode of actions are: • Change in gut microflora and a reduction in E. coli. • Production of antibiotics. • Synthesis of lactic acid with consequent reduction in intestinal p. H. • Adhesion to or colonization of the intestinal mucosa.

• Prevention of toxic amine synthesis in the gut. • other as yet unidentified modes of action, such as stimulating immune responses in the gut.

Acidifiers ØOrganic acid are commonly referred as acidifiers. ØCitric acid and fumaric acid have been primary acidifiers tested. ØThere is significant increase in growth rate of broiler chicks with dietary levels of 0. 5 1. 0 percent fumaric acid. ►

ØIn calves acidification of milk replacers may improve milk clot formation in abomasum, which reduces the risk of digestive upsets. ØAcidified milk replacers help to keep the abomsal p. H below 4. 2, the minimum p. H at which E. coli can survive.

Antibloating agents ØAntibloating agents like poloxylene, marketed as bloat guard, are effected in preventing the frothy bloat. ØThese prevents the formation of bubble membranes. ØAnti-bloat agents are generally provided as components of block.

Salivation Inducers ØThey increase the production of saliva. ØAdministration of slaframine (mycotoxin) to ruminants increases the salivation rate, the liquid turnover rate in the rumen, and the rumen p. H, it increases the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in rumen ØThey alter rumen fermentation to favorably influence the performance.

Defaunating agents ØDefaunation is the process of treating a ruminant to elim 9 onate its rumen protozoa. ØDefaunation improves the animal performance when high energy, low protein diets are fed ØLarge number of protozoa in rumen may affect the production by reducing the availability of protein

Metabolis m modifiers

Hormones ØHormones are neither permitted nor used as additive in America. ØOnce, diethylstilbestrol was used in cattle but FDA approval was withdrawn. ØEstrogen improve growth and feed efficiency in ruminants, particularly in steers. ØMalengestrol acetate improves feed efficiency and weight gain.

Beta adrenergic agents ØThese are norepinephrine analogs that stimulate β-adregenic receptors. ØThey result in repartitioning of nutrients from fat to protein synthesis, causing increased muscle mass and decreased body fat. ØRepartitioning agents are believed to act by increasing fat mobilization (lipolysis) and stimulating protein synthesis.

Growth promotant s

Antibiotics ØAntibiotics are the metabolites of fungi that inhibit the growth of bacteria. ØFermentation residues has favorable effects on animal performance, with improvement of growth and feed efficiency of a reduction in health problems such post weaning diarrhea. ØAnimals fed with antibiotics can withstand stress more efficiently.

ØAnimals fed with antibiotics have thin intestinal wall and there is efficient absorption of nutrients. ØEfficient use of antibiotics may have harmful effect on human health.

Chemotherapeutic agents ØA variety of substances which act as growth promotants are not antibiotics. ØArsenicals have a growth promoting effect. ØNitrofurans are synthetic compounds with antimicrobial activity. ØSulfonamides ate effective against protozoa that cause coccidiosis. And some viruses dried poultry waste is used as feed stuff for ruminants. It may cause toxicity.

Saponins ØIts trade name is sarsaponin. ØIt is involved in ammonia metabolism in rumen. ØNitrogen digestibility nitrogen balance, growth, and feed efficiency are unaffected by dietary sarsaponin.

Additives that modifies animal health

Drugs ØA variety of drugs may be added to the feed for treatment and prevention disease. ØSomme commonly used drugs in feed additives are worming agents (like phenothiazine. dichlorovos. Piprizine) and coccidiostats (like monensin, amprolium, sulfaquinoxalene).

Immunomodulators ØThese are used to stimulate immune response of animal. ØThey also causes the decrease in animal performance.

Additives that modify consumer acceptance

Xanthophylls ØXanthophylls are red and yellow carotenoid pigments. ØThey are important in poultry nutrition as they are deposited in egg yolk and body fat. ØThey can also stimulate the immune response. ØIts richest source is marigold petal meal.

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