US Expansion 1783 to 1867 Filling our continental

US Expansion 1783 to 1867 Filling our continental borders and beyond

British Colonization • Number of wars, treaties, and agreements with Native Americans from the early 1600 s through the mid 1700 s established the territory east of the Appalachians as British controlled • Treaty of Paris -1763 expelled the French • Proclamation Line of 1763

Treaty of Paris 1783 • Borders defined: Canada to North, Spanish Florida to the South, Mississippi River to the West • People could legally populate territory West of Appalachians

Indian Problem • Native Americans occupy this land – Indian confederation formed (Miami, Shawnee, and Delaware) to halt American expansion • American army in the west led by General “Mad” Anthony Wayne • Battle of Fallen Timbers – Aug 20, 1794 – – – Maumee, Ohio Less than 100 die on both sides American Victory British soldiers killed fighting with Indians Americans find British guns with the Indian dead

Treaty of Greenville - 1795 • Indians renounce claims to Ohio Territory – Cuyahoga River est. as western border • Tecumseh is there, refused to sign treaty • Set the stage for settlement in the NW territory, OH 1803, etc

Treaty of Greenville, 1795

Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 • Between US and Spain • Spain had control of Mississippi River and closed it to American shipping in the 1780 s, aggravating western farmers. – Under articles there was little America could do • Spain entered a war with Britain in 1795 and saw Jay’s Treaty as the beginning of a British-American alliance – Spain did not want to create an enemy in the Americas • Settle border dispute between Georgia and Florida: US gains large tract of land • Right of deposit in New Orleans and ability to trade on Mississippi River • Set the stage for the Adams Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase Treaty)

Prelude to the Louisiana Purchase • Spain owned this territory in late 1700 s • 1801: Spain sold it to France • Napoleon removed the right of free deposit in New Orleans – Western farmers are not happy • Jefferson sends representatives to France to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans

Louisiana Purchase - 1803 • Napoleon was at war with Britain • Slave revolt on Santo Domingo led by T. O. (Toussaint L’Ouverture) • Napoleon decided to focus efforts on Europe, so he offers to sell United States 830, 000 sq. miles for $15 million • Americans are stunned • The American diplomats (Robert Livingston and James Monroe) did not have authority to sign, but tentatively agreed upon approval. For $11 million + forgive $4 million in debt

Effects of the La. Purchase • Almost doubles the size of the United States • Secured ability for United States expansion west • Gets France off our border • Set a precedent for future purchases • Boost the national confidence

Lewis and Clark • What the heck did we just buy? • Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to lead an expedition west in 1804 from St. Louis and collect information on the land – – Make maps (topography – mountains, rivers) Collect flora and fauna Information on people Make a political statement to Europe and Natives

The Journey • Leave from St. Louis in May, 1814 with 38 men • Followed the Missouri River to Mandan, North Dakota where they camped for the winter • Headed west the next year to Oregon and the Pacific • Returned in 1806 with maps, drawings, and information on the peoples and wildlife of the area

Lewis & Clark Illustrations

Zebulon Pike Expedition • 1805 -1806 – traveled from St. Louis north to the headwaters of the Mississippi River in Minnesota • 1806 -1807 – traveled west from St. Louis into Colorado. Found Pike’s Peak. Then traveled south to Santa Fe • Collected information about this territory

Treaty of Ghent – 1814 • Restores national pride and confidence – Felt we beat the Brits, again! • Other nations begin to have more confidence in the viability of the United States • Helps to establish borders

Rush Bagot Agreement, 1817 • Canadians upset with Treaty of Ghent – no assurances for them! – Wanted control of Great Lakes • Limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes – One warship on Lake Ontario (one cannon) – Two warships on the upper lakes (one cannon) • Led to the removal of all fortifications by the 1870’s • Longest unfortified boundary in the world – 5, 527 miles long!

Treaty of 1818 • Between British and Americans • Border between Canada and America is established along 49 th parallel from Lake of the Woods, MN to Rocky Mountains • Ten year agreement to jointly control the Oregon territory

Adams Onis Treaty, 1819 • Jackson’s Invasion of Florida – Spain upset • United States refused to apologize – Spain should sell the territory if they could not control their borders. • Terms – Spain ceded Florida and Spanish claims to the Oregon territory – America let go of claims to the Texas territory – Established border between American and Spanish territory in the West

Missouri Compromise, 1820 • Missouri – 1 st La. Purch territory to apply for statehood – Tallmadge Amendment – James Tallmadge (NY rep) tried to amend the bill… • Established the 36* 30’ line • Significance – Temporary fix to slave v. free territory question related to expansion

Monroe Doctrine, 1823 • Simply a declaration (in Monroe’s State of the Union) • United States declared that the Western Hemisphere is closed to expansion • Provided precedent for US to expand westward. Also was the backbone of imperialism and the Roosevelt Corollary

Russo-American Agreement, 1824 • Question as to who laid claim to territory in the Northwest. British, Americans, or Russians • Established the border between the Oregon and Alaskan territory at the 54* 40’ line. – Russia controlled Alaska • Russia relinquished claims to Oregon Territory

Indian Removal Policy • From 1830 -1838, Native Americans are moved from their territory in the deep south to west of the Mississippi River • Clears way for American settlement of prime cotton land

Webster Ashburton Treaty, 1842 • Prior to this the Maine/Canadian border was not firmly established – Treaty of Paris unclear – Led to skirmishing: the Aroostook war • Between Canadians and Maine • Finally settled on the line separating the two countries which … – established northern border of Maine – Additional language defined the borders in Minnesota • Continued to promote a peaceful relationship between the US and Canada

Manifest Destiny • America had slowly been expanding west • As America entered the 1840 s it was growing economically, industrially, technologically and America now had some swagger. • People began to believe that America was theirs for the taking • In 1845 – John O’ Sullivan (NY journalist) coin the phrase when he wrote, “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions” • i. e. – It is God’s will for Americans to expand westward and bring the bounty of their culture to the west

Go West, Young Man! • Settlers followed specific trails west as to not lose their way • The Oregon Trail headed northwest along the Platte and Snake Rivers, took people to Portland • California Trail went near San Francisco

Donner Party • One ill-fated group of travelers decided to take a short cut on the California trail in 1846 • It set them back three weeks and by the time they reached the Sierra Nevada Mountains, a snowstorm had blocked their passage • They set up camp and 15 volunteers went for help • The 15 volunteers ran out of food and were forced to cannibalize one another to stay alive. Seven of the 15 made it to the Western side of the mountains • A search party found the many of the Donner Party at their camp, weak, but alive

Annexation of Texas, 1845 • Texas won independence from Mexico, 1836 • Slavery issue prevented it from being admitted as a state • Election of 1844 – Texas is a major issue, Polk wins on expansion policy • Lame duck President John Tyler signed a joint resolution of Congress to invite Texas to become part of the Union

Annexation of Texas, 1845

Buchanan Pakenham Treaty 1846 • Also known as Treaty of 1846 • Oregon Territory jointly held by British and Americans • British and Americans negotiate for this territory. Polk utters the “ 54* 40’ or fight” ultimatum – Neither side wanted a conflict – The British were too far away – The Americans were engaged in a war with Mexico • Compromise led to the border being established at the 49 th parallel – Becomes Washington, Oregon, Idaho and parts of Montana

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 • Ends the Mexican-American War • Established border between Mexico and America along the Rio Grande • America gains 1. 2 million sq. miles of territory including California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah

Land Acquisition, 1845 -1848

Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay • 1849 – Gold Rush – California applied for statehood as a free state – South is not happy • Multiple provisions: – California free – No slave trade in D. C. (Slavery could still exist in D. C. – Popular sovereignty in NM and UT territories • Effectively free territories? – Fugitive Slave law strengthened

Gadsden Purchase, 1852 • In 1839, James Gadsden was President of the South Carolina Railroad – He wanted to create a transcontinental railroad to make west commercially dependent on the south rather than the north • • • Best route was to avoid the Rocky Mountains, which dipped slightly into Mexican territory After pulling some strings, President Franklin Pierce appointed Gadsden as United States Minister to Mexico Gadsden and Mexican President Santa Anna negotiate for this territory – Santa Anna needed money – Also, he no longer wanted to deal with the hostile Indians who lived in this territory • • They agreed that the US would pay $10 million for a strip of territory south of the Gila River, which is now southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona (about the size of Pennsylvania). Gadsden Purchase was originally written to be 250, 000 sq mi (almost 1/3 of Mexico), but Santa Anna was unwilling to sell that much

Ostend Manifesto, 1854 • Spanish consider offering emancipation to slaves on Cuba • This concerns Southerners who don’t want to see emancipation so close to United States border • American diplomats meet in Ostend, Belgium to devise a negotiating strategy – They suggest that if Spain doesn’t sell, that the United States should take Cuba by force • Pierce administration renounced this idea because of pressure from free-soilers

Alaska Purchase, 1867 • Purchased by US Secretary of State William Seward • Aka Seward’s Folly • Russia sells the US a large block of ice for $7. 2 million in March 1867 • US focus was still on Reconstruction and antiexpansionist • Why purchase? – Maintain good relations with Russia who was pro-Union during CW – Rumors of great fish, furs and gold As luck would have it – rich in oil and gas! What a bargain after all!