US Antarctic Program Antarctic Science Scott Borg Antarctic

US Antarctic Program Antarctic Science (Scott Borg) Antarctic Infrastructure & Logistics (Brian Stone) Polar Environment, Health and Safety (Polly Penhale) George Blaisdell Operations Manager 3, 4 November 2011

Research Antarctic Science • Artists & Writers • Earth Sciences • Glaciology • Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences • Organisms and Ecosystems • Integrated Systems • Aeronomy & Astrophysics

Antarctic Infrastructure & Logistics • Science Support • Marine Project Support • Operations • Logistics • Information Systems (IT) • Aviation Projects • Facilities Polar Environment, Health & Safety • Food & Water Safety • Field Safety Training • Waste & Hazardous Materials Handling • Permitting • Environmental Compliance • Medical • General & Industrial Health

Specialty Services in direct support of research • Laboratory Technicians • Divers • Carpenters • Marine Technicians • Explosives Handlers • Camp Manager • Mountaineers & Field Safety Experts

Transportation & Equipment Operations • Research Vessels (500 sea days/yr) • Light Fixed-Wing Aircraft (700 mission/yr) • Helicopter Operations (1500 hrs/yr) • Ski-equipped Cargo Aircraft (375 mission/yr) • Light Vehicle Fleet (wheeled & tracked; 150 pieces) • Heavy Equipment (125 pieces) • Traverse Platforms (4, 000 mi/yr) • Vehicle Maintenance Facility • Drills, Coring Tools, Saws • Icebreaking (30 days/yr)

Transportation & Equipment Operations Icebreaking POLAR STAR/SEA Up to 2007 KRASIN 2005 -2006 ODEN 2007 -2010 VLADIMIR IGNATYUK 2011

Supply Chain • Purchasing • Warehousing & Supply • Cargo Movement (point of origin to field and back) • Special Handling Systems (keep frozen, DNF, live samples) • Passenger Movement (home to field and back) • Inter-continental Ship & Aircraft Connections • Intra-continental Aircraft and Surface Vehicle Connections

Utilities • Power Production & Distribution (2. 6 MW sustained) • Water Production & Distribution (80, 000 gal/day) • Heating and Air Conditioning (humidity, air quality) • Waste Collection, Processing, Removal (5 M lb/yr) • IT/Comms Provision • Fuels Procurement, Storage & Distribution (5. 5 M gal/yr) • Waste Water Treatment

Utilities • Conservation • Full utilization • Renewables Fuel 0% 33% Generator 33% Total Electrical Demand 14, 000 MWh (85% from 1, 020, 000 gal) (15% from wind) 33% 100% 20% Heater 85% Total Heating Demand 111, 700 MBTU (generator waste + 748, 000 gal) Mc. Murdo Power and Heat

Utilities Cost to Provide Mc. Murdo South Pole Palmer Denver Fuel ($ per gal) 3. 60 23. 05 2. 99 2. 69 Water ($ per gal) 0. 19 1. 21 0. 30 0. 007 Electricity ($ per k. W-hr) 0. 35 1. 46 0. 35 0. 10

Utilities Waste 16 Categories Recycled 15 Month Clock for Hazardous Waste Example Volumes: 750, 000 lb food 600, 000 lb ferrous metal 200, 000 lb cardboard 500, 000 lb hazardous 80, 000 lb “soup”

Utilities Waste Recycled: Glass Aluminum Mixed Paper Cardboard Plastic (Market dependent) Metals Wood Demo waste E-scrap (Regulated) Incinerated: Food Waste/ Soup (Regulated) Human Waste Land-filled: Non-Recyclables Paper Towels Processed/Disposed: Urine/Grey Water Processed/Regulated: Hazardous

Infrastructure • Permanent Buildings • Roads, Runways, Airfields, Helipad • Construction & Maintenance • Piers & Wharfs • Fuel Tank Farms • Temporary Structures • Utilities Distribution Systems • Antennas • Communications Hardware

Life Support • Food Provision & Meal Service • Lodging • Fire Protection • Health Services • Social Opportunities • Basic Training (safety, environmental, survival)

Research Support Pyramid Research Specialty Services Supply Chain Transportation & Equipment Utilities Infrastructure Life Support

Research Support Pyramid Reason for Presence Base Necessary to Support Presence

Research Support Pyramid Reason for Presence Base Necessary to Support Presence Efficiency Improvements Allow Greater Angle of Repose

Research Support Pyramid Added Demand for Presence Added Base to Support Added Demand

Research Support Currency Capacity Not a simple function of $$ Mostly not a “buy by the pound” commodity

Research Support Currency Capacity = “Resource Baskets” Major and Minor categories Major Beds, Flights, Water, Power, Fuel, Connectivity … Minor Tents, Food, Boats, Lumber, Light Vehicles…

Research Support Currency Capacity is a function of: • Location • Time of Year • Lead Time • Cost to Provide • Cost and Capability to Expand • Major or Minor

Research Support Level of Service • Expeditionary Field Work (notes & samples) • Preliminary Processing & Cursory Analysis • Home Institution-Level Study • Long-term Observations • Follow-on Studies