Urinary system Functions of Urinary System Removes waste

Urinary system

Functions of Urinary System • Removes waste • Maintains acid-base balance of body • Parts include: – – 2 KIDNEYS 2 URETERS BLADDER URETHRA

Kidneys • 2 bean shaped organs • Protected by ribs and fat • Each kidney is found in mass of fatty tissue (adipose capsule) • 2 main sections: – Cortex: outer layer, contains most of the neurons that aid in production of urine – Medulla: inner layer, contains most of tubes that carry urine from the nephrons through the kidneys

Nephrons • Microscopic filtering units • Over 1 million/kidney • Contains glomerulus – Cluster of capillaries that filter waste • Bowman’s capsule – Surround glomerulus picks up filtered materials and passes it to the convoluted tubule – Substances needed by the body are reabsorbed and returned to the capillaries • At the end, most of the water, sugar, vitamins and salts have been reabsorbed • Excess salts, water, wastes remain in the tubule and become urine • Urine enters collecting ducts (tubes) in the medulla • Collecting tubes empty into the renal pelvis (first section of the ureter)

Ureters • 2 muscular tubes 10 -12 inches long • One extends from the renal pelvis to the bladder • Peristalsis: a wavelike motion of the involuntary muscle that moves urine through the ureter from the kidney to the bladder

Bladder • Hollow muscular sac • Lining folds called rugae – disappears as muscles of bladder allow it to expand fill with urine • 3 layers of visceral muscle • Urge to void occurs when bladder contains 1 cup • Circular sphincter muscle – Control bladder opening – Can’t be controlled by infants • FUNCTIONS: – Receives urine from ureters – Stores urine until eliminated from body

Urethra • Tube carries urine from bladder to outside • External opening called meatus • Different in male/females – Females shorter – Opens in front of vagina or passes through the penis – Male: carries both urine from urinary system and semen from the reproductive system Urine • Liquid waste • 95% water • Excess useful products like sugar can be found, but usually indicates disease • 1 ½ - 2 quarts produced daily • 150 quarts filtered through kidneys

Key Terms • • Polyuria: excess urination Oliguria: below normal urination Anuria: absence of urination Hematuria: blood in urine Nocturia: urination at night Dysuria: painful urination Retention: inability to empty bladder Incontinence: involuntary urination

Diseases Symptoms: • Frequent urination • Inflammation of the bladder • More common in females due to shortness of urethra • Dysuria and burning • Bladder spasm • Hematuria • ? Fever ? Treatment: • Antibiotics and increased fluid intake

Glomerulonephritis • • Inflammation of the glomerulus Usually follows strep infection Can be acute or chronic Symptoms: hematuria, hypertension, edema, fatigue, congestive heart failure, renal failure, death • Treatment: treat symptoms – Low salt diet, high blood pressure medicine, dialysis, transplant

Pyelonephritis • Inflammation of kidney tissue and renal pelvis • Usually caused by pus forming bacteria • Symptoms: chills, fever, back pain, dysuria, hematuria and pyuria • Treatment: antibiotics, increased fluid intake

Renal Calculi • Kidney stone formed when salts in urine settle • Small stones can be eliminated in urine • Large stones may become lodged • Symptoms: sudden pain, hematuria and retention • Treatment: increase fluids, pain meds, strain urine w/ gauze, lithotripsy, possible surgery

Renal Failure • Kidneys stop functioning • Acute – Caused by injury, poisoning, dehydration – Prompt treatment leads to good prognosis • Chronic – Progressive loss of kidney function caused by glomerulonephritis, hypertension, toxins and endocrine disease. – Waste accumulates and affects body systems

Uremia • Toxic condition where urinary waste is in bloodstream • Caused from any condition that affects proper function of kidneys • Symptoms: n/v, ammonia breath, anuria, headache and confusion, coma/death • Treatment: restrictive diet, dialysis, transplant

Urethritis • Inflammation of the urethra • Caused by bacteria, viruses or chemicals • Symptoms: painful urination, redness, itching at meatus, ? discharge • Treatment: sitz baths or warm compresses, antibiotics, increased fluid intake

Identify parts of Urinary system • Use handout to label all parts of the urinary system • Use handout to trace flow of urine through the urinary system (name all parts as you go)