URINARY INCONTINENCE Dr Mark Donaldson Consultant Physician in
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URINARY INCONTINENCE Dr Mark Donaldson Consultant Physician in Geriatric Medicine
Urinary Incontinence Affects: 15%-30% elderly living at home 30% - 35% elderly in acute care >50% in RCF
Urinary Incontinence Continence requires: Adequate mobility n Mentation n Motivation n Manual dexterity n Intact lower urinary tract function n
Urinary Incontinence Medical Complications Rashes n Pressure ulcers n UTI n Falls n Fractures n
Urinary Incontinence Psychosocial complications Embarrassment n Stigmatisation n Isolation n Depression n Institutionalisation risk n
Incontinence is never normal
Urinary Incontinence AGEING BLADDER CHANGES Bladder capacity decreases n Bladder compliance decreases n Ability to postpone voiding decreases n Urethral closing pressure decreases in women n Prostate enlarges in men n Involuntary bladder contractions increase n Post-voiding residual volume increases (50 -100 ml) Also: n Increased fluid excretion at night n Age associated sleep disorders n Detrusor muscle changes n
Urinary Incontinence is a Geriatric syndrome: i. e. Predisposed by above factors Precipitated usually by disease outside the urinary tract. Frequent adverse drug reactions that affect the urinary tract It is these factors OUTSIDE the urinary tract that are amenable to intervention e. g. arthritis/immobility
Urinary Incontinence Transient Incontinence Common e. g. 30% community dwellers 50% of inpatients At risk cases: especially anti-cholinergics diuretics worsening mobility
Urinary Incontinence Transient Incontinence: DI A P P E R S Delirium Infection Atrophic Urethritis/vaginitis Pharmaceuticals Psychological (rare) Excessive urine output Restricted mobility Stool impaction
Urinary Incontinence Urinary tract causes of incontinence: Detrusor overactivity n Detrusor underactivity n Genuine stress incontinence (low urethral resistance) n Obstruction (high urethral resistance) n
Urinary Incontinence Detrusor Overactivity Commonest cause of urinary incontinence (60%-70%). Seen with: - neurologic disorders - obstruction - ageing - GSI - DHIC
Urinary Incontinence Detrusor Overactivity - sudden onset - immediate need to void n Leakage is episodic, moderate to large n Nocturnal frequency n Urge incontinence common n PVR low in absence of DHIC n Clinically:
Urinary Incontinence Stress Incontinence n n n Common in women In men, only after sphincteric damage complicating prostatic resection Clinically: Instantaneous with stress manoeuvres Delayed - suggests stress induced detrusor overactivity In men, ‘leaky tap’ worsened by standing or straining Often co-exists with urge incontinence i. e. mixed
Urinary Incontinence Urethral Obstruction n n Common in men In women, after bladder neck suspension or kinking associated with severe prolapse Prostatic encroachment Clinically: (1) Filling symptoms (i. e. urgency, frequency, nocturia) (2) Voiding symptoms (i. e. poor stream, intermittency, dribbling post void (3) Overflow
Urinary Incontinence Detrusor Underactivity (<10% of incontinence cases) n n n Usually idiopathic Caused by degenerative muscle and axonal changes Clinically: Overflow incontinence Frequency Nocturia Frequent leakage of small amounts PVR usually > 450 ml In men, differentiated by urodynamics rather than cystoscopy or IVP.
Urinary Incontinence Evaluation of the older incontinent patient GOALS: Investigate and treat transient and established causes. Assess patient’s environment and support To detect uncommon but serious underlyhing conditions: - Brain lesions - Spinal cord lesions - Carcinoma bladder/prostate - Bladder stones - Decreased bladder compliance
Urinary Incontinence Clinical Management 1. Exclude overflow incontinence (e. g. PVR > 450 ml) Where appropriate, Urologist referral Remainder - catheterise
Urinary Incontinence Clinical Management 2. Remaining 90%-95% depends on gender. Females: either OAB or GSI excluded by observing for leakage with full bladder and vigorous cough Males: either OAB or obstruction. If flow normal, PVR <100 ml then obstruction is excluded. If PVR > 200 ml, exclude hydronephrosis. Remainder, treat for OAB – warn about retention – avoid bladder relaxants if PVR >150 ml.
Urinary Incontinence Non-Drug Treatment of OAB Bladder Drill (re-training) n Timed voiding n Deferment technique Cognitively impaired n Prompted voiding Non-Drug Treatment of GSI n Pelvic floor exercises especially if mild : - 30 -200 times per day - Indefinitely - Limited efficacy - Repair procedures less invasive
Urinary Incontinence Drug Treatment of OAB Anti-cholinergic (anti-muscarinics) n n n n n Oxybutynin Solifenacin Darifenacin Tolterodine Best as adjuncts to bladder drill. Dose escalation by titration Most NOT on PBS Newer ones better tolerated CI Glaucoma – Dry mouth, confusion
Urinary Incontinence Voiding and Dementia Alertness n Responsive n Motivation n Direction n Mobility n Recognition n Dressing n
Urinary Incontinence Indications for Urodynamics Persistent diagnostic uncertainty. n Morbidity associated with potentially. misdirected medical therapy is high. n When empiric therapy has failed. n When surgical intervention is planned. n Overflow incontinence. n
Urinary Incontinence Pharmacologic Treatment Obstruction n Alpha blockers delay surgery benefit in weeks Prazosin Tamsulosin Terazosin Finasteride 5 alpha reductase inhibitor - Less effective Delayed benefit Side-effects esp. impotence.
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