URETER URETHRA ANATOMY HISTOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY BY 1 MUHAMMAD

URETER & URETHRA ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY BY : 1. MUHAMMAD KHAYEER ALFAROUQ 2. NOR FARIZA BINTI CHE OMAR 3. NUR ZULAIKHA ZAWAWI 4. NUR AZMINA MOH ZAILAN 5. NUR AZLIN CHE MAT 6. SUHAILA SOLAHUDIN

ANATOMY OF THE URETER BY : MUHAMMAD KHAYEER AL- FAROUQ D 11 B 040

• The ureter is a muscular tube, which passes caudally In the retroperitoneal along the dorsal body wall. • Reaching the pelvic cavity, it turns medially to enter the broad uterine ligament in the female, and yto the mesoductus deferens in the male. • Ureter ends by inserting into the dorsolateral surface of the urinary bladder within the lateral ligament of the bladder.

URETER Urogenital system of cat Ventral aspect

ANATOMY OF URETHRA BY : NOR FARIZA BINTI CHE OMAR D 11 B 041

Female urethra • Female urethra extends caudally on the pelvic floor ventral to the reproductive tract. It passes obliquely through the wall of the vagina and opens with the external urethral opening (ostium urethrae externum) ventrally at the junction between vagina and vestibule.

• The length and diameter of the urethra varies considerably between the domestic mammals. • Horse : short and wide and comparatively long in the dog were it opens on a small elevation flanked by two grooves. • Cow and sow : urethralis muscle encloses the suburethral diverticulum which opens together with the urethra into the vagina. Ureteral orifice Urethral crest Urethral m. Suburethral diverticulum External urethral orifices

Male urethra • Extends from an internal opening at the bladder neck to an external opening at the end of the penis. • It is divisible into a: – Pelvis part • Preprostatic portion • Prostatic portion – Penile part

Pelvic part • Begins at the internal opening at the bladder neck. • Preprostatic portion – extends from the internal opening to the seminal hillock, an oval enlargement of the urethra crest which protrudes into the lumen of the urethra. • Prostatic portion – joined by the deferent and vesicular ducts and passes through the prostate gland

Penile part • Begins at the ischial arch and is described with the penis

Differentiate between male and female Female – Short – Wide – Elastic Male – – Tortuous Long Narrow Less elastic

HISTOLOGY OF URETER BY : NUR ZULAIKHA BINTI MAT ZAWAWI D 11 A 028

Histology Of Ureter Magnification 25 x 100 x Key 1. Lumen 2. Transitional epithelium 3. Mucous glands in lamina propria 4. Muscularis

Microscopic structure of ureter

• Histology of the Mucosa - inner layer of the ureter - consists of -epithelium - lamina propria. • Epithelium -The ureter is lined by transitional epithelium. - The epithelial layer is avascular. -does not contain lymphatics. • Lamina Propria - composed of areolar connective tissue. - contains blood vessels and nerves.

• Histology of the Muscularis -The middle layer, the muscular coat -consists of smooth muscle. -consist of - Circular muscular layer (smooth pink layer) - Longitudinal muscular layer (bumpy purple layer). -The main function of the muscularis is peristalsis which propels the urine. • Adventitia/Serosa -The outer layer, the fibrous coat, is a supporting layer of fibrous connective tissue. -Adipose tissue is present in the adventitia. -A portion of the ureter has serosa covering it.

URETER Stained with haematoxylin and eosin 1 - tunica mucosa 2 - tunica submucosa 3 - tunica muscularis propria 4 - tunica adventitia 5 - transitional epithelium (urothelium) of the mucosa 6 - tunica propria of the mucosa URETER transitional epithelium of the mucosa Stained with haematoxylin and eosin 1 - transitional epithelium 2 - lamina propria of the mucosa

HISTOLOGY OF URETHRA BY : NUR AZMINA BT MOHD ZAILAN D 11 A 025

HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE URETHRA -The urethra in females is short. It is only about 1. 5 inches. -The lining epithelium of the female urethra is pseudostratified columnar epithelium and stratified squomous epithelium.

HISTOLOGY OF FEMALE URETHRA

HISTOLOGY OF MALE URETHRA -The urethra in the male is longer than the urethra of females. -The male urethra is 7 to 8 inches. -The male urethra functions as a conduit for urine and semen. -The male urethra can be divided into 3 sections : prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, and spongy urethra.

HISTOLOGY OF MALE URETHRA Male urethra is lined by stratified columnar epithelium.

HISTOLOGY OF PROSTATIC URETHRA (MALE) Stained with haematoxylin and eosin 1 - transitional epithelium 2 - tunica propria of the mucosa of prostatic part of the urethra

HISTOLOGY OF MEMBRANOUS URETHRA( MALE) • The second part of the male urethra. • This is a short segment. • The lining epithelium of the membranous urethra is pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

HISTOLOGY OF SPONGY URETHRA • The third part of the urethra. • Spongy urethra is also called the penile urethra. • The longest section of the male urethra. • The lining epithelium of the spongy urethra is pseudostratified columnr epithelium which then transitions to stratified squamous epithelium distally.

PHYSIOLOGY OF URETER BY : NURAZLIN BINTI CHE MAT D 11 A 029

Flow Of Urine In Ureter • Myogenic = Controlled by the longitudinal and circular muscle of ureter wall • Peristaltic movement = waves of active muscular contraction, that move at near-constant speed along the ureter towards the bladder. This causes urine to flow from the ureter lumen to the urinary bladder • Unaffected by drugs that block the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. • muscular wall constricts & becomes thinner during luminal enlargement ( urine present )

Very low volume of urine at certain part of ureter or no urine at all Volume of urine at certain part of ureter increases High volume of urine at certain part of ureter

Diagram showing the different stages of ureter opening during urine flow in it

1 a, 2 a, 3 a, 4 a Pictures of cross section of ureter showing stages of ureter opening upon urine flow in it ( light micrograph) 1 b, 2 b, 3 b, 4 b Photograph of cross section of ureter showing various stages of ureter opening upon urine flow in it

No urine present at certain part of ureter =At the end of a peristaltic movement or at rest between movements = The lumen is collapsed with its epithelial surfaces in contact with each other. The lumen has a stellate form

• There are junctional complexes, comprising a zonula occludens, zonula adherens , and macula adhaerens or desmosome, between the lateral borders of the squamous cells . It is suggested that this complex is t h e major obstacle to the free flow of water from the extracellular spaces into the hypertonic urine ( in lumen of ureter )

PHYSIOLOGY URETHRA BY : SUHAILA BINTI SOLAHUDIN D 11 A 035

Function of urethra both in male and female : Transport urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body Special function in male : • Carries semen from the ejaculatory duct outwards through the penis.

How the urine flow out of the body? • When the sphincter muscle is relaxed. • Urethral sphincter muscle is at the base of the bladder • It controls the release of urine from the bladder into the urethra • Then flows out of the meatus (opening at the end of the urethra) when urinating.

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