URBAN ROADS Scope of Urban Roads UrbanSuburban Road

URBAN ROADS

Scope of Urban Roads • Urban/Suburban Road Segments continuous permanent development along all or almost of its length, on at least one side of the road. Population at least 100. 000 • Interurban Road Segments without continuous development on either side, such as restaurants, factories, or villages.

Scope of Urban Roads • Urban Road Types – Two-lane two-way roads (2/2 UD) – Four-lane two-way roads • Undivided (i. e. no median) (4/2 UD) • Divided (i. e. with median) (4/2 D) – Six-lane two-way divide roads (6/2 D) – One-way roads (1 -3/1)

Scope of Urban Roads • Conditions: • Flat or essentially flat alignment • Straight or essentially straight horizontal alignment • On segments of roads which are not affected by queuing caused by intersections, nor by severe platooning downstream form signalised intersections

Scope of Urban Roads • Road Segments: • Between and unaffected by signalised or major unsignalised intersections, and • Having similar characteristics along its length.

Objective of Urban Roads • Design of urban roads should be selected with the aim to ensure that degree of saturation does not exceed an acceptable value (normally 0, 75)

Traffic Safety Considerations • Widening of the lane decreases the accident rates between 2 -15% per meter widening (the high number refers to narrow roads). • Widening and improvement of shoulder surface conditions improves traffic safety, although to a smaller degree than lane widening

Traffic Safety Considerations • A median reduces the accident rate with 30% • Median barriers (used when the space is insufficient to make a full median) reduce fatal and severe injury accidents with 1030%, but increase damage only accidents.

Urban Roads Performance Indicator • • Degree of Saturation (≤ 0, 75) Level of Service (A – F) Average Speed Travel Time

Level of Service Based on Average Speed Kelas Arteri Kecepatan (km/jam) LOS A B C D E F I II III 72 - 56 56 - 48 56 – 40 Kecepatan Rata-rata (km/jam) ≥ 56 ≥ 48 ≥ 40 ≥ 45 ≥ 38 ≥ 31 ≥ 35 ≥ 29 ≥ 21 ≥ 28 ≥ 23 ≥ 15 ≥ 21 ≥ 16 ≥ 11 21 16 11

STEP A-1: General Data • • • Date (day, month, year) and Handled by Province City name City size (number of inhabitants) Link number/road name Segment between … or … Segment code Area type (COM, RES, RA/Frontage Road) Length of segments Road type (4/2 D, 4/2 UD, 2/1) Time period Case number

STEP A-2: Geometric Conditions • • Compass arrow showing North Km-posts Sketch of the horizontal alignment Arrows identifying Direction 1 (North or Eastbound) and Direction 2 (South or West-bound) Names of the places Major buildings Intersections and entries/exits Pavement markings

STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Default values for traffic composition City size LV% HV% MC% 0, 1 M. Inh 45 10 45 0, 1 – 0, 5 M. Inh 45 10 45 0, 5 – 1, 0 M. Inh 53 9 38 1, 0 – 3, 0 M. Inh 60 8 32 3, 0 M. Inh 69 7 24

STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions pce Road type: Undivided roads Traffic flow total both directions (veh/h) Two-lane 0 – <1. 800 undivided (2/2 1. 800 UD) Four-lane 0 – <3. 700 undivided (4/2 3. 700 UD) MC HV Carriageway width Wc (m) 6 >6 1, 3 0, 50 0, 40 1, 2 0, 35 0, 25 1, 3 0, 40 1, 2 0, 25

STEP A-3: Traffic Conditions Road types: One-way Traffic flow roads and Divided per lane roads (veh/h) pce HV MC Two-lane one-way (2/1) and Four lane divided (4/2 D) 0 – <1. 050 1, 3 0, 40 1. 050 1, 2 0, 25 Three-lane one-way (3/1) and Six-lane divided (6/2 D) 0–< 1. 100 1, 3 0, 40 1. 100 1, 2 0, 25

STEP A-4: Side Friction • Number of pedestrians passing along or crossing the road segment (0, 5) /h, 200 m • Number of stopping vehicles and parking maneuvers (1, 0) /h, 200 m • Number of motor vehicle entries and exists to/from roadside properties and side roads (0, 7) /h, 200 m • Flow of slow-moving vehicles (bicycles, tricycles, horse-charts, oxcarts, tractors, etc. (0, 4) /h

Road Side Friction

Road Side Friction

Road Side Friction

Road Side Friction

STEP A-4: Side Friction Side friction class Code Weighted number of events per 200 m per hour (both sides) Typical conditions Very low VL < 100 RES, frontage road Low L 100 – 299 RES, public transport Medium M 300 – 499 Industrial are + roadside shops High H 500 – 899 COM + high roadside activity Very High VH ≥ 900 COM with roadside market activities

STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed • FV free-flow speed for LV at actual conditions (kph) • FV 0 Base free-flow speed for light vehicles (kph) • FVW Adjustment for effective carriageway width (km/h) • FFVSF Adjustment factor for side friction conditions • FFVCS Adjustment factor for city size

STEP B-1: Analysis of Free-flow Speed Road type Base free-flow speed FV 0 (kph) LV HV MC All (mean) 61 52 48 57 57 50 47 55 Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) 53 46 43 51 Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) 44 40 40 42 Six-lane divided (6/2 D) or Three-lane one-way (3/1) Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or Two-lane one-way (2/1)

STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FVW for Carriageway Width [Table B-2: 1] • Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road • FVW = 8 WC – 28 • Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) • FVW = 8 WC – 28 • Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) • FVW = -0, 0285 WC 6 + 1, 3687 WC 5 - 27, 066 WC 4 + 281, 74 WC 3 -1628, 4 WC 2 + 4959, 4 WC - 6230

STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FVW for Carriageway Width [Table B-2: 1] • Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road, and Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)

STEP B-2: Free-flow Speed Adjustment FVW for Carriageway Width [Table B-2: 1] • Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)

STEP B-3: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFVSF for Side Friction • Road with shoulders • Table B-3: 1 • Road with kerbs • Table B-3: 2 • Adjustment factor FFVSF for six-lane roads • FFV 6 SF = 1 - 0, 8 x (1 - FFV 4 SF)

Roads with Shoulders

Roads with Kerbs

STEP B-4: Free-flow Speed Adjustment Factor FFVCS for City Size Inhab. (M) FFVCS Very Small 0, 1 0, 90 Small 0, 1 - 0, 5 0, 93 Medium 0, 5 - 1, 0 0, 95 Large 1, 0 - 3, 0 1, 00 Very Large 3, 0 1, 03

STEP B-5: Determination of Free-flow Speed for Actual Conditions • Free-flow speed for light vehicles (LV) • FV = (FV 0 + FVW) x FFVSF x FFVCS • Free-flow speed for other vehicle types • FFV = FV 0 – FV • FVHV = FVHV 0 – FFV x FVHV 0/FV 0 • FVHV 0 Table B-1: 1

STEP C-1: Base Capacity Road Type Base Capacity (pcu/h) Comment Four-lane divided 4/2 D or One-way road 1 -3/1 1. 650 Per lane Four-lane undivided 4/2 UD 1. 500 Per lane 2. 900 Total in both directions Two-lane undivided 2/2 UD

STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2: 1] • Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road • FCW = 6, 25 WC – 2, 75 • Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD) • FCW = 5, 424528 WC – 1, 92453 • Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD) • FCW = -12. 424 WC 6 + 76. 838 WC 5 – 195. 332 WC 4 + 260. 873 W 3 -192. 689 W 2 + 74. 455 W – C C C 11. 715

STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2: 1] • Four-lane divided (4/2 D) or One-way road

STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2: 1] • Four-lane undivided (4/2 UD)

STEP C-2: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCW for Carriageway Width [Table C-2: 1] • Two-lane undivided (2/2 UD)

STEP C-3: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCSP for Directional Split Directional 50 -50 55 -45 60 -40 65 -35 70 -30 split SP %-% FCSP Twolane 2/2 1, 00 0, 97 0, 94 0, 91 0, 88 Fourlane 4/2 1, 00 0, 985 0, 97 0, 955 0, 94

STEP C-4: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCSF for Side Friction • Road with shoulders • Table C-4: 1 • Road with kerbs • Table C-4: 2 • Adjustment factor FCSF for six-lane roads • FC 6 SF = 1 - 0, 8 x (1 - FC 4 SF)

STEP C-5: Capacity Adjustment Factor FCCS for City Size Inhab. (M) FFVCS Very Small 0, 1 0, 86 Small 0, 1 - 0, 5 0, 90 Medium 0, 5 - 1, 0 0, 94 Large 1, 0 - 3, 0 1, 00 Very Large > 3, 0 1, 04

STEP C-6: Determination of Capacity for Actual Condition • • • C Capacity (pcu/h) C 0 Base capacity (pcu/h) FCW Adjustment factor for carriageway width FCSP Adjustment factor for directional split FCSF Adjustment factor for side friction FCCS Adjustment factor for city size

STEP D-1: Degree of Saturation • Q Traffic flow (pcu/h) • Q UR-2 (column 10 row 5 for undivided road) • Q UR-2 (column 10 row 3 & 4 for each direction of travel on divided road) • C Capacity (pcu/h) • C UR-3 (column 16)

STEP D-2: Speed and Travel Time • Determine the speed at actual traffic • Figure D-2: 1 (two-lane undivided roads) • Figure D-2: 2 (multi-lane and one-way roads) • Enter segment length (km) in column 24 UR-3 • Calculate average travel time (hour) for Light Vehicle

STEP D-3: Evaluation of Traffic Performance • If DS > 0, 75 revise calculations