Urban Models How and why does land use
Urban Models How and why does land use organize a city? Functional Zonation
City “Ingredients” Central place (business, offices, shopping— where goods and services are exchanged) Industry (making of goods) Transportation Residential (low, middle, high class) What would I want to locate near/far from each other?
Central Business District (CBD) Land cost? Land use?
Central Business District (CBD) Land Use: Government, Offices, Retail (“downtown” commercial center) Residential? • who would elect to live here and why?
Day Night Populations US Cities
Central Business District (CBD) How does cost of land impact the landscape? • • • Compact! Skyscrapers Small storefronts
Zone in Transition (ZIT) Land cost? Land use?
Zone in Transition (ZIT) Land Use • Industrial manufacturing (plants) • Warehouses (trains, storage, shipping) • Noise/Pollution = lower land value
Zone in Transition (ZIT) Some Housing: Who lives here & why? • Low quality (slums) • High density (projects, apartments) • Ethnic neighborhoods
Residences Distribution Neighborhoods by socioeconomic status, race, family situation, etc. • Low class • Middle class • High class
Concentric Zone (“Burgess”) Model (‘ 20 s) What happens to land value further from the core? Who lives where and why?
ex. Chicago 1920 s Who lives where? Works where? Why? Lower-classes live closer to CBD (migrants at industrial jobs) Upper-classes live farther out (higher income-- can afford commute) Circles move outward as city expands
Bid-Rent Theory COST
Inconsistencies today? Assumes flat land, etc. … BUT Cities rarely have clear “zones” Gentrification-- improvements in downtown lower-class zone
Sector (“Hoyt”) Model (1930 s) City develops in sectors, not rings— why? Which sector guides the pattern?
Sector (“Hoyt”) Model (30 s) Industry along transport routes (railroad, river) High-income areas along fashionable boulevards, waterfronts, or high ground
Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman) (Post WW 2, early suburbanization) Development not dependent on CBD; rather several “nodes” of business activity Office parks, manufacturing, retail Why multiple “nodes? ”
Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman) Activities don’t have to revolve around CBD • Universities => restaurants, good residences, bookstores • Airports => hotels, warehouses
Urban Realms Model “Edge Cities”/Galactic City Suburban regions more independent from CBD “Edge Cities”-- large commercial centers that offer entertainment/shopping for suburbs Fixed activity spaces in urban “realm”
Urban Realms Model “Edge Cities”/Galactic City Why? Counter-urbanization (people want to live away from city!) Increased transportation (cars) Technology (tele-commute)
Transportation and urban growth
“Edge cities” - suburban nodes: high-rise offices, shopping, entertainment, hotels - designed for auto travel Located along freeways or beltways Philadelphia's Edge Cities
Galactic City or Edge City Model
Source: October 2006: http: //centerwest. org/futures/frtrng/
Source: October 2006: http: //centerwest. org/futures/frtrng/
Source: October 2006: http: //centerwest. org/futures/frtrng/
Urban sprawl – contemporary problem Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge Consequence of car-dependent urban growth “Boomburgs”
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