Urban Freight Myths Good Practices Best Practices Thomas

Urban Freight: Myths, Good Practices, Best Practices Thomas Zunder, New. Rail 1

More deliveries, same weight Deliveries generated person in 2004 in French cities = 11. 4 (5. 7 in 1988) => The number of shipments has doubled Tons generated person per year in cities = 10 (10. 8 in 1988) The tonnage has remained stable Source: ECHO surveys, IFSTTAR

Urban distribution centres are growing Shipments (sent from a city and going through an urban terminal): from 21% in 1988 to 69% in 2004 Shipments (received in a city after going through an urban terminal): from 39% in 1988 to 51% in 2004 Note: Normal private operations Source: ECHO Shippers’ Survey, Dablanc & Routhier (2009)

Urban deliveries are highly efficient Urban economy today Shops with less inventory, more product types and in need of more frequent deliveries Service activities, increased demand for express parcel deliveries Development of e-commerce ($200 billion in 2009 in Europe) and home deliveries

Logistics sprawl The spatial deconcentration of logistics facilities in metropolitan areas overtime Caused by land cost, large urban developments, need for modern facilities and planning regulation Generates considerable additional vehicle-miles and CO 2 emissions in urban areas

Myths, Good Practices, Best Practices City logistics = any service provision contributing to an optimised management of the movement of goods in cities. Started 1980 s Germany. Has seen a mixed success. Myths: Banning Lorries works. Put it all on rail or tram. Night time deliveries are bad. . or good. . or noisy

Banning Lorries works. . Not. . The most famous truck ban in Europe is the London Lorry Ban in place since 1975: trucks over 18 tons cannot circulate at night and weekends within a delimited area BUT Paris has banned trucks (over 29 m 2) during day time Not optimal: promote small capacity vehicles (vans, light trucks) increasing total congestion and diminishing the efficiency of freight transport. ‘Regulatory patchwork’ in a metropolitan area made up of differing regulatory authorities. Can and does increase vehicle trips!

Put it all on rail or tram. Really? Cargo-tram in Dresden for Volkswagen: conveyor belt. Zurich Cargo Tram: actually waste collection in lay-bys. City-Cargo, a major cargo-tram project in Amsterdam, went bankrupt in 2009 Rail freight in cities has noise impacts, is costly and lacks available track capacity, sidings and yards

The Monoprix rail experiment in Paris 90 Monoprix supermarkets supplied by rail since 2007 Trains arrive in a renovated freight terminal close to the centre of Paris CNG trucks for the final distribution Saving of 410 tons of CO 2 annually 26% increase in transportation costs per pallet Financially non-viable

Night time deliveries are bad. . or good. . or noisy Operators would rather deliver when roads are quiet. But some cities fear noise and disturbance. Some retailers do not wish to man stores out of hours. Source: José Holguín-Veras

Good Practices Discussing with the industry Providing forums for discussion and negotiation can ensure that a policy targeted towards freight transport is successful, Giving specific labels to virtuous delivery companies, Signing “Freight Partnerships” or giving labels is well appreciated but promises must be met, Tyne and Wear FQP is a fine example of a working FQP, there are many that are not. .

Motomachi Urban Consolidation Centre in Yokohama, Japan The UCC processes 85% of flows delivered to the neighbourhood's shops Three CNG trucks make delivery tours from the UCC, located a few hundred meters away from the retail area Today the scheme provides good delivery service at low environmental cost to the community but at a high cost to the shopkeepers’ association Building a viable public centre is very difficult and the majority fail. .

VELOCE (Italy) Vicenza Eco Logistics Centre Bristol consolidation centre (UK) London construction consolidation centre ELCIDIS (ELectric CIty DIStribution center, La Rochelle, France) More than 150 in Europe in the 1990 s, about 20 today

Success factors for UCCs Positive: Negative: Controlled location (LTZ Duplicating private in Italy, Heathrow Airport, distribution Building site, close urban Suppressing brand identity area (Monaco) No clear revenue stream Shipper or receiver beyond public funds. willingness to pay, often for added value activities.

Best Practices: Plan Freight into City Integrating freight into planning policies (urban and/or transport planning) and building codes Common concepts: off-street delivery space provision New concepts compulsory storage space in businesses’ premises multi-story logistic terminals in urban areas reservation of logistics land use in urban master plans bid for tenders for using an urban terminal (cheap rent vs clean deliveries)

Best Practices: Enforcement Freight needs enforcement to flow Monitoring CCTV In London and in Italian cities, plate-reading cameras • Barcelona, Spain and Gothenburg, Sweden, no cameras but trained officers •

Piek: Assessment of noise levels • Highest noise causes disturbances (PIEK level) • Acceptable noise level 60 – 65 d. B(A) • • Hearing level: 0 d. B(A) Silent area in nature: 20 d. B(A) Whispering: 30 d. B(A) Normal conversation: 60 d. B(A) Busy highway at 10 m: 80 d. B(A) Starting airplane at 200 m altitude: 100 d. B(A) Reversing beep at 7, 5 m: 110 d. B(A

Peak noise without ‘quiet’ development • Slamming door • Driving up/away • Load hatch • Containers over load floor • Refrigeration kicking in • Removing onboard forklift • Shopping trolleys Peak level at 7, 5 m in d. B(A) : 74 : 67 – 83 : 65 – 92 : 74 – 85 : 70 – 78 : 77 – 82 : 53 – 77

Key development 1: Low noise body

Key development 2 Low noise engine

Key development 3 Low noise cargo handling equipment

Key development 4 Training staff Noise abatement quiet delivery scheme Training course drivers Checklist driver • Mind the speed • Mind the RPM level • Turn off the radio • Don’t slam the doors • Don’t drop the cargo storage bar • Engage roll cage stop whole foot

Albert Heijn in Netherlands • 4 types of shops • 1700 shops in total • Turnover 8 billion Euros • 70, 000 employees

Logistic impact 1: Less congestion • Time reduction 1 location • Average time before : 1. 30 • Average time trial : 0. 30

Logistic impact 2: Larger vehicles in the night • Big supermarket center of Den Bosch • Before : 3 rigids 28 roll containers • After: Trailer 62 roll containers

Thank you Many initiatives in last 30 years. Most failed. Thomas Zunder +44 1226 379789 Tom. zunder@ncl. ac. uk PIEK: Robert Govaers g_c@telfort. nl But best and good practice exist. Learn and avoid the myths!