UPRM Center Rafael Aramis Lpez LEAD TEACHER Quarks

UPRM Center Rafael Aramis López LEAD TEACHER

Quarks The Everything Universe behave from isdifferently made galaxies of Quarks tothan mountains leptons and Leptons , to for molecules each kind is made of matter from “particle First Generation there is ”a corresponding quarks and leptons antimatter. particle.

Matter and Antimatter For every type of matter particle we've found, there also exists a corresponding antimatter particle, or antiparticle. Antiparticles look and behave just like their corresponding matter particles, except they have opposite charges.

What Powers the Sun? Its Source of Energy The Sun is a big thermonuclear reactor that Gravitational Chemical Contraction? Reaction? works by converting hydrogen into helium.

Sun Facts Average distance from Earth = 93 million miles (~150 million km) Radius = 418, 000 miles (696, 000 km) Mass = 1. 99 x 1030 kg (330, 000 Earth masses) Makeup (by mass) = 74% H, 25% He 1% other elements Average Temp. = 5, 800 Kelvin (surface) 15. 5 million Kelvin (core) Average density = 1. 41 grams / cm 3 Rotational period = 25 days (center) to 35 days (poles)

The Sun’s Interior The Core, at about 15, 000 K, is the source of the Sun’s energy. The site of thermonuclear fusion.

Its Source of Energy Thermonuclear Fusion Reaction 4 1 H --> 4 He + energy Energy Produced = 0. 007(mass of 4 1 H)c 2

Solar Energy Production To get the positively-charged nuclei to fuse together, their electrical repulsion must be overcome.

Solar Energy Production

Solar Energy Production

Solar Energy Production

Solar Energy Production

Mass to Energy! One helium nucleus hasthe 99. 3% of theof weight of four hydrogen nuclei. We can calculate amount energy create from the The creation of each helium nucleus requires four hydrogen nuclei. This excess of 0. 7% of hydrogen mass excess of mass by using E=m. C 2. compared with helium mass is converted into energy.

Solar Energy Production The net result is 6 1 H + 2 e --> 4 He + 2 1 H + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons or 4 1 H + 2 e --> 4 He + 2 neutrinos + 6 photons The net energy release is 26 Me. V!

Solar Neutrinos n n n Neutrino, Italian word for little neutral, was the term used by Enrico Fermi to name it. Neutrinos existence was suggested by Wolfgang Pauli in 1931. Their existence was confirmed with the discovery of the Neutron in 1932.

Neutrinos are tiny, electrically neutral, sub-atomic particles. n They interact so weak with other matter. n It’s the most mysterious of the known particles. n Physicist have gathered strong evidence for neutrino oscillations. n Neutrinos are their own antiparticle. n

Neutron Decay

Super-Kamiokande n n Large 50, 000 ton tank of highly purified water, located about 2700 meters underground in the Mozumi Mine. The walls are lined with 11, 146 photomultiplier tubes. They are very sensitive light detectors and they can detect single photons.

Super-Kamiokande n n Super-Kamiokande is a ring-imaging water Cerenkov detector. Electricaly charged particles (with large energy) traveling in water produces Cerenkov light.

What are Neutrinos Telling Us? n DARK MATTER? n DARK ENERGY? n EXTRA DIMENSIONS? n ANTIMATTER? n COSMIC INFLATION?