UPPER LIMB Introduction Organization Function By Dr Mujahid

UPPER LIMB Ø Introduction Ø Organization Ø Function By: Dr. Mujahid Khan

BREAST Introduction: • • Breasts are specialized accessory glands Secrete milk Present in both sexes Similar in males and immature females

Anatomy of Breast Has nipples • Surrounded by a colored area of skin “Areola” • Consist of a system of ducts embedded in connective tissue •

At Puberty • Gradually enlarge • Assume their hemispherical shape • Under the influence of ovarian hormones • The ducts elongate in size

Extension • Base extends from 2 nd to the 6 th ribs • From lateral margin of sternum to midaxillary line • Greater part of a gland lies in superficial fascia

Axillary Tail • Extends upward and laterally • Pierces the deep fascia at the lower border of pectoralis major muscle • Then enters the axilla

Formation • • Each breast consists of 15 -20 lobes which radiate out from the nipple The main duct from each lobe opens separately on the summit of the nipple called Ampulla Base of nipple is surrounded by AREOLA Tiny tubercles on the areola produced by the underlying areolar glands

Fibrous Septa • • Lobes of the glands are separated by fibrous septa Are well developed in the upper part of the gland Extend from skin to the deep fascia Serve as a suspensory ligament

Retromammary Space These are the connective tissues which separate the breasts from the deep fascia covering the underlying muscles

Young & Old • Breasts tend to protrude forward from a circular base in young women • They tend to be pendulous in older women • They reach their maximum size during lactation

Blood Supply • Perforating branches of the internal thoracic artery and the intercostal arteries • Axillary artery via lateral thoracic and thoracoacromial branches

Lymph Drainage • Important clinically because of frequent development of a cancer • Subsequent dissemination of the malignant cells along the lymph vessels to the lymph nodes